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Topic Review
Microstructured Optical Fibers in Ultrafast Optics
With the development of laser technology, microstructured optical fibers (MOFs) have become an important part of ultrafast optics, providing excellent platforms for ultrafast laser pulse generation, amplification, and compression, promoting the development of fiber laser systems to generate high power, high pulse energy, and few-cycle duration pulses.
  • 251
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
List of Unnumbered Minor Planets: 2003 A–R
This is a partial list of unnumbered minor planets for principal designations assigned between 1 January 2003 and 15 September 2003 (A–R).
  • 250
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Coma Berenices
Coma Berenices, Latin for "Berenice's Hair," is a constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere. Named after the ancient Egyptian queen Berenice II, it is renowned for its distinctive asterism resembling a flowing mane of hair. Coma Berenices contains several notable celestial objects, including the Coma Cluster of galaxies.
  • 249
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Neuromorphic Photonic Integrated Circuits
Neuromorphic photonics is a cutting-edge fusion of neuroscience-inspired computing and photonics technology to overcome the constraints of conventional computing architectures. Its significance lies in the potential to transform information processing by mimicking the parallelism and efficiency of the human brain. Using optics and photonics principles, neuromorphic devices can execute intricate computations swiftly and with impressive energy efficiency. This innovation holds promise for advancing artificial intelligence and machine learning while addressing the limitations of traditional silicon-based computing. 
  • 248
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Osmium-176
Osmium (76Os) has seven naturally occurring isotopes, five of which are stable: 187Os, 188Os, 189Os, 190Os, and (most abundant) 192Os. The other natural isotopes, 184Os, and 186Os, have extremely long half-life (1.12×1013 years and 2×1015 years, respectively) and for practical purposes can be considered to be stable as well. 187Os is the daughter of 187Re (half-life 4.56×1010 years) and is most often measured in an 187Os/188Os ratio. This ratio, as well as the 187Re/188Os ratio, have been used extensively in dating terrestrial as well as meteoric rocks. It has also been used to measure the intensity of continental weathering over geologic time and to fix minimum ages for stabilization of the mantle roots of continental cratons. However, the most notable application of Os in dating has been in conjunction with iridium, to analyze the layer of shocked quartz along the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary that marks the extinction of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago. There are also 30 artificial radioisotopes, the longest-lived of which is 194Os with a half-life of six years; all others have half-lives under 94 days. There are also nine known nuclear isomers, the longest-lived of which is 191mOs with a half-life of 13.10 hours. All isotopes and nuclear isomers of osmium are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.
  • 248
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Experimental Approach to Silicon Heterojunction Tandem Solar Cells
A solar cell, or a photovoltaic (PV) cell, is an electrical device that converts light energy directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. There are different types of solar cells. Tandem solar cells could have a very good conversion efficiency in comparison with other types of solar cells. Tandem solar cells are considered the industry’s next step in photovoltaics due to their excellent conversion efficiency. A very good example is the perovskite absorber material that has been developed for efficient tandem solar cells. 
  • 246
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
List of Photonics Equations
This article summarizes equations in the theory of photonics, including geometric optics, physical optics, radiometry, diffraction, and interferometry.
  • 244
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Imaging Techniques for Morphological Characterization of Magnetic Films
Microscopy imaging techniques are critical for the morphological characterization of thin films because they provide nanoscale structural and compositional information that impacts properties. Techniques discussed below reveal grain size, grain boundaries, surface roughness and interfaces, and defects at high resolution. When coupled with spectroscopy, microscopy may provide compositional mapping and magnetic information. This multiscale morphological information is key to elucidating structure–property relationships in thin films.
  • 243
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Solid-State Color Centers for Single-Photon Generation
Single-photon sources are important for integrated photonics and quantum technologies, and can be used in quantum key distribution, quantum computing, and sensing. Color centers in the solid state are a promising candidate for the development of the next generation of single-photon sources integrated in quantum photonics devices. They are point defects in a crystal lattice that absorb and emit light at given wavelengths and can emit single photons with high efficiency. 
  • 241
  • 20 Mar 2024
Topic Review
List of Unnumbered Minor Planets: 2004 T–Y
This is a partial list of unnumbered minor planets for principal designations assigned between 1 October 2004 and 31 December 2004 (T–Y).
  • 238
  • 26 Oct 2022
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