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Topic Review
Androgen Receptor in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer
Breast cancer subtypes expressing hormone receptors (HR+ BCa) have a good prognosis and respond to first-line endocrine therapy (ET). However, the majority of HR+ BCa patients exhibit intrinsic or acquired ET resistance (ET-R) and rapid onset of incurable metastatic BCa. With the failure of conventional ET, limited targeted therapy exists for ET-R HR+ BCa patients. The androgen receptor (AR) in HR-negative BCa subtypes is emerging as an attractive alternative target for therapy. The AR drives Luminal AR (LAR) triple-negative breast cancer progression, and LAR patients consistently exhibit positive clinical benefits with AR antagonists in clinical trials. In contrast, the function of the AR in HR+ BCa is more conflicting. AR in HR+ BCa correlates with a favorable prognosis, and yet, the AR supports the development of ET-R BCa. While AR antagonists were ineffective, ongoing clinical trials with a selective AR modulator have shown promise for HR+ BCa patients.
  • 135
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Choroidal Mast Cells and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains a leading cause of vision loss in elderly patients. Its etiology and progression are, however, deeply intertwined with various cellular and molecular interactions within the retina and choroid. Choroidal mast cells are strategically located in close proximity to the choroidal vasculature, enabling their active involvement in modulation of angioinflammatory processes.
  • 197
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
State of the World’s Herbaria
Herbaria remain the primary means of documenting plant life on earth, and the number of herbaria worldwide and the number of specimens they hold continues to grow. Digitization of herbarium specimens, though far from complete, has increased the discoverability of herbarium holdings and has increased the range of studies from which data from herbarium specimens can be used. The rather large number of herbaria about which no current information is available is a source of concern, as is herbarium consolidation and removal of herbaria to offsite storage facilities. Partnerships are key to the future health of herbaria. 
  • 216
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pathogen Detection Methods
As the countering measurement, the rapid and accurate detection or discovery of the pathogen is pivotal. It enables immediate tracking and monitoring of the spread of pathogens, understanding of the transmission dynamics of diseases, identifying potential reservoirs or vectors, and developing targeted interventions to control and prevent outbreaks. The complete procedure of pathogen discovery generally consists of the detection for microbial agents causing diseases and then the proof of causation relationship for leading diseases. While under various circumstances, this concept of pathogen discovery can also be interpreted to diagnostics or identification of unknown pathogens in the clinical and environment settings. Collectively, prompt pathogen discovery does not only enable the timely measurements for minimizing the transmission but also contributes to the development of medical treatment and the creation of vaccines. 
  • 200
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Caspase-Dependent Programmed Cell Death
Billions of cells die in us every hour, and our tissues do not shrink because there is a natural regulation where Cell Death (CD) is balanced with cell division. The process in which cells eliminate themselves in a controlled manner is called Programmed Cell Death (PCD). The PCD plays an important role during embryonic development, in maintaining homeostasis of the body’s tissues, and in the elimination of damaged cells, under a wide range of physiological and developmental stimuli. Apoptosis is an RCD pathway that occurs inside eukaryotic cells and whose purpose is the death of the cell itself. Apoptosis is a “cellular suicide” in which a protein program of self-destruction triggered by extracellular or intracellular signals is set in motion. RCD means that the steps for cell degeneration are established, but that does not mean that the cell is predetermined to die; that is, there will be no apoptosis if there is no signal to initiate it. The role of apoptosis is important in many physiological and pathological processes of multicellular organisms, such as the morphogenesis of organs and tissues during embryonic development, in the maintenance and regeneration of tissues in the adult animal, in response to pathogens, or as a response to cellular stress and pathologies such as cancer. The number of cells that die by apoptosis is enormous, both during embryonic development and in the adult state, associated with caspases, that not only control apoptosis, but also proliferation, differentiation, cell form and cell migration.
  • 192
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Neuroprotective Action of Humanin and Humanin Analogues
Humanin is a 24-mer peptide first reported in the early 2000s as a new neuroprotective/cytoprotective factor rescuing neuronal cells from death induced by various Alzheimer’s disease-associated insults. Nowadays it is known that humanin belongs to the novel class of the so-called mitochondrial-derived peptides (which are encoded by mitochondrial DNA) and has been shown to exert beneficial cytoprotective effects in a series of in vitro and/or in vivo experimental models of human diseases, including not only neurodegenerative disorders but other human diseases as well (e.g., age-related macular degeneration, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes mellitus).
  • 141
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Mosquito-Borne Viruses in Iran
Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) have global public health implications to both humans and animals, making it a One Health priority concern. Ongoing climatic change creates favourable conditions for the emergence of exotic MBDs in previously disease-free areas. 
  • 250
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Heterologous Production of Crocins in Different Species
Crocin is one of the most valuable components of the Chinese medicinal plant Crocus sativus and is widely used in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Traditional planting of C. sativus is unable to fulfill the increasing demand for crocin in the global market, however, such that researchers have turned their attention to the heterologous production of crocin in a variety of hosts. 
  • 279
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The VBNC State in Beneficial Bacteria
Bacteria in the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state exhibit a remarkable phenomenon: they are unable to grow and form colonies on conventional culture media, yet they remain alive and able to restart their metabolic activity. Cells in this status typically display reduced levels of metabolic activity and undergo significant metabolic alterations, such as reductions in nutrient transport and respiration rates and macromolecular synthesis, and form resistance structures similar to spores. However, a feature that distinguishes the VNBC state is the continuous gene expression within these cells.
  • 326
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
β-1,4-GalT-V and Cancer
β-1,4-GalTs are a family of glycosyltransferases, all having similar properties (i.e., they exclusively transfer galactose residues from a donor UDP-galactose via β-1,4 linkage to acceptor sugars, N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc),glucose (Gl)c, and xylose(Xyl), which can be components of protein or lipids that have different functions).
  • 214
  • 08 Jan 2024
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