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Topic Review
Vaccine Development against SARS-CoV-2
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been affecting the world since the end of 2019. The severity of the disease can range from an asymptomatic or mild course to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with respiratory failure, which may lead to death. Since the outbreak of the pandemic, scientists around the world have been studying the genome and molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection to develop effective therapies and prevention. In this review, we summarize the progressive development of various treatments and vaccines as they have emerged, a year after the outbreak of the pandemic. Initially for COVID-19, patients were recommended drugs with presumed antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects that were previously used to treat other diseases. Thereafter, therapeutic interventions were supplemented with promising approaches based on antibodies, peptides, and stem cells. 
  • 593
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Vaccine and Variant-modified Covid-19 Trajectories
Covid-19 transmission in US and UK have diverged 1.73 times faster than predicted by recursion models after November 2020. Transmission follows a 20% infection rate compared to the previous 10% rate, attributed to a more contagious variant of covid-19. The effect of vaccination on covid-19 trajectory is analysed for US data. Modelling indicates case numbers continue to rise for some time after vaccination.
  • 652
  • 26 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Vaccine against CSFV
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by CSF virus (CSFV), is one of the most devastating viral epizootic diseases of swine in many countries. To control the disease, highly efficacious and safe live attenuated vaccines have been used for decades. However, the main drawback of these conventional vaccines is the lack of differentiability of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA concept). Advances in biotechnology and our detailed knowledge of multiple basic science disciplines have facilitated the development of effective and safer DIVA vaccines to control CSF. 
  • 625
  • 26 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Vaccination under COVID-19 Pandemic
The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has raised significant economic, social, and psychological concerns. The rapid spread of the virus, coupled with the absence of vaccines and antiviral treatments for SARS-CoV-2, has galvanized a major global endeavor to develop effective vaccines. Within a matter of just a few months of the initial outbreak, research teams worldwide, adopting a range of different strategies, embarked on a quest to develop effective vaccine that could be effectively used to suppress this virulent pathogen. 
  • 526
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Vaccination Attitudes
Vaccine hesitancy is a complex health problem, with various factors involved including the influence of an individual’s network. According to the Social Contagion Theory, attitudes and behaviours of an individual can be contagious to others in their social networks.
  • 530
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
UV-Filters Risk for Coastal Environments
Considering the rapid growth of tourism in recent years and the acknowledgement that exposure to solar UV radiation may cause skin cancer, sunscreens have been widely used by beachgoers in recent decades. UV filters contained in sunscreens were recently identified as emerging pollutants in coastal waters since they accumulate in the marine environment with different adverse effects. In fact, direct and/or indirect exposure to these components was proven to be harmful and eventually toxic to many invertebrate and vertebrate marine species.
  • 768
  • 21 Aug 2021
Topic Review
UV Radiation in DNA Damage and Repair
Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation on human skin can lead to mutations in DNA, photoaging, suppression of the immune system, and other damage up to skin cancer (melanoma, basal cell, and squamous cell carcinoma).
  • 2.1K
  • 27 Dec 2021
Topic Review
UV Lighting in Horticulture
Ultraviolet (UV) is a component of solar radiation that can be divided into three types defined by waveband: UV-A (315–400 nm), UV-B (280–315 nm), and UV-C (<280 nm).
  • 603
  • 07 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Utilization of Zebrafish Nano-/Microparticles Toxicity in Water
A large amount of nano-/microparticles (MNPs) are released into water, not only causing severe water pollution, but also negatively affecting organisms. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate MNP toxicity and mechanisms in water. There is a significant degree of similarity between the genes, the central nervous system, the liver, the kidney, and the intestines of zebrafish and the human body.
  • 370
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Utilization of Low-Value Fish
A low value fish is a product which addresses one or more points of the following: a) a fish discarded because of unwanted traits (weight, dimension etc...) b) an accidental catch c) a species of moderate value. There are several possibilities to valorize low-value fish material and this entry offers an overview of the most useful ways.
  • 631
  • 31 Jan 2022
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