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Topic Review
Camel husbandry
Minor species such as camels are lacking for transactional agreements between applied research and regulatory agencies in regards of animal welfare. Given these species being progressively recognized as sustainable livestock even under extreme environmental conditions, camel international science has brought about valuable academic efforts towards its functional revalorization but not updated policy reforms. By means of bibliometrics analysis, camel science upturn and its academic and societal impacts were evaluated to highlight the potential promoting factors for camel research advances and specific parallel law enforcing. Historical camel referring documents that were indexed in ScienceDirect directory from 1880-2019 were considered. Camel as a species did not affect research impact (p > 0.05) despite the journal, author number, corresponding author origin, discipline and publication year affecting it (p < 0.001). However, camel welfare-related laws remain scarcely available. In this framework, research advances must play a cardinal role in influencing business stakeholders and animal welfare advocacies to promote sustainable camel husbandry practices through science-based law enforcement in this emerging industry on a global scale.
  • 2.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Salt Stress on Plant Growth
Climate change is causing soil salinization, resulting in crop losses throughout the world. The ability of plants to tolerate salt stress is determined by multiple biochemical and molecular pathways. Here we discuss physiological, biochemical, and cellular modulations in plants in response to salt stress. Knowledge of these modulations can assist in assessing salt tolerance potential and the mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance in plants. Salinity-induced cellular damage is highly correlated with generation of reactive oxygen species, ionic imbalance, osmotic damage, and reduced relative water content. Accelerated antioxidant activities and osmotic adjustment by the formation of organic and inorganic osmolytes are significant and effective salinity tolerance mechanisms for crop plants. In addition, polyamines improve salt tolerance by regulating various physiological mechanisms, including rhizogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, maintenance of cell pH, and ionic homeostasis. 
  • 2.3K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Neutrophil and Natural Killer Cell Interactions in Cancers
Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating leukocytes, accounting for 50–70% of blood cells. Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes from innate immunity, participating in virus-infected and malignant-transformed cells recognition and elimination.
  • 2.3K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Seed Morphology in the Arecaceae
Fruit and seed shape are important characteristics in taxonomy providing information on ecological, nutritional, and developmental aspects, but their application requires quantification.  
  • 2.3K
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment
POME is considered as one of the major problems that has generated voluminously from the palm oil industries. Pre-treatment is utmost required prior discharge to the environment. This review deals with current POME treatment techniques.
  • 2.3K
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Sepsis
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by an uncontrolled inflammatory response to an infectious agent and its antigens. Immune cell activation against the antigens causes severe distress that mediates a strong inflammatory response in vital organs. Sepsis is responsible for a high rate of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients. 
  • 2.3K
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Procedures for Extraction of Anthocyanins from Different Food
Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments characterized by various intense colors found in fruits and vegetables. The extraction and separation of anthocyanins from plants is important, especially due to the instability of plant anthocyanins, selecting and optimizing. Anthocyanins are prone to degradation by several factors, including pH, temperature, oxygen, water activity, co-pigments and enzymes. Unwanted compounds, such as sugars, proteins, lipids, acids and other flavonoids, can also be removed from plant material by appropriate extraction methods. The most used method for anthocyanin extraction is the conventional one, solid–liquid extraction, also known as solvent extraction, during which anthocyanins can be dissolved in polar solvents (methanol/glycolic acid and acetone), followed by their quantification, achieved by using spectrophotometry, the differential pH method, which is a rapid and convenient quantitative assay. Starting from this point, it has developed and there are many anthocyanin-extraction methods, such as conventional solvent extraction (CSE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), fermentation extraction (FE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) (CO2) extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), high-hydrostatic-pressure extraction (HHPE) and pressurized-liquid extraction (PLE). One of the most frequent techniques for obtaining anthocyanins from plants is conventional solvent extraction. In order to meet the demands of safety and environmental sustainability, new extraction technologies with shorter extraction periods and higher yields have been developed (e.g., PLE, EFS, UAE, MAE, EAE, etc.).
  • 2.3K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Anchovy
An anchovy is a small, common forage fish of the family Engraulidae. Most species are found in marine waters, but several will enter brackish water and some in South America are restricted to fresh water. The more than 140 species are placed in 17 genera; they are found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, and in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Anchovies are usually classified as oily fish.
  • 2.3K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Orthopoxviruses
Zoonotic diseases, defined as diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans, represent a significant threat to global health. Among the species recognized as pathogenic to humans, more than half originated in animals, and some have been characterized as emerging or re-emerging pathogens. Most zoonotic pathogens originated in wild and domesticated mammalian hosts such as bats, rodents, and primates. The analysis of global trends indicates that new zoonotic threats will continue to emerge at an accelerating rate, and are mainly associated with an growthing population, changes in land use, climate changes, increased intercontinental travel, and expanded trade networks. Poxviruses are among mankind’s longest and best-known viruses mainly because of their most feared and lethal representative, Variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox. Orthopoxvirus is the most important and well-characterized poxvirus genus, mainly due to its impact on human and animal health. Orthopoxviruses are remarkable for their wide host spectrum, ranging from humans to domestic and wild animals.
  • 2.3K
  • 22 Jan 2021
Topic Review
NRF2
Nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor that regulates the cellular defense against toxic and oxidative insults through the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress response and drug detoxification. NRF2 activation renders cells resistant to chemical carcinogens and inflammatory challenges. In addition to antioxidant responses, NRF2 is involved in other cellular processes, including metabolism and inflammation, and its functions are beyond the originally envisioned. NRF2 activity is tightly regulated through a complex transcriptional and post-translational network that enables it to orchestrate the cell’s response and adaptation to various pathological stressors for the homeostasis maintenance. Elevated or decreased NRF2 activity by pharmacological and genetic manipulations of NRF2 activation is associated with many metabolism- or inflammation-related diseases. Emerging evidence shows that NRF2 lies at the center of a complex regulatory network and establishes NRF2 as a truly pleiotropic transcription factor. Here we summarize the complex regulatory network of NRF2 activity and its roles in metabolic reprogramming, unfolded protein response, proteostatsis, autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, inflammation, and immunity.
  • 2.3K
  • 17 Jul 2020
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