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Topic Review
Invasion of Embryo’s Nutritional
Historically, invasion of placental trophoblasts was thought to be extremely specific, only invading into the connective tissues of the maternal uterus finally reaching and transforming the uterine spiral arteries. Only recently, identification of new routes of trophoblast invasion into different structures of the maternal uterus has been achieved. Thorough morphological analysis has resulted in the identification of trophoblasts invading into glands, veins and lymph vessels of the uterine wall. These new routes pave the way for a re-evaluation of trophoblast invasion during normal placental development. Of course, such new routes of trophoblast invasion may well be altered, especially in pregnancy pathologies such as intra-uterine growth restriction, preeclampsia, early and recurrent pregnancy loss, stillbirth and spontaneous abortion. Maybe one or more of these pregnancy pathologies show alterations in different pathways of trophoblast invasion and thus, etiologies may need to be redefined and new therapies may be developed.
  • 976
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Biohydrogen fermentation using lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) materials as feedstocks is better alternative to petroleum-based fuels due to its ecofriendly nature since there is no greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during combustion. The recalcitrant nature of LCB waste materials is mainly attributed to the rigid cell wall structure, crystalline cellular machinery, and lignin component, which makes lignocellulosic materials resistant toward chemical and biological actions. Hence, the pretreatment process is an obligatory step to make LCB materials accessible for the generation of sugar fractions after disintegration of biomass.
  • 976
  • 13 Dec 2022
Biography
Joseph A. Walker
Joseph Albert Walker (February 20, 1921 – June 8, 1966) flew the world's first two spaceplane flights in 1963, thereby becoming the United States' seventh man in space. Walker was a Captain in the United States Air Force , an American World War II pilot, an experimental physicist, a NASA test pilot, and a member of the U.S. Air Force Man In Space Soonest spaceflight program. His two X-15 exper
  • 976
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cell Adhesive Force Microscopy
Cell adhesive force, exerting on the local matrix or neighboring cells, plays a critical role in regulating many cell functions and physiological processes. In the past four decades, significant efforts have been dedicated to cell adhesive force detection, visualization and quantification. Traction force microscopy (TFM) pioneered the detection and visualization of cell adhesive force. A recent important methodological advancement in cell adhesive force visualization is to ultilize fluorescent tension sensor (FTS) to convert force to fluorescence onsite, thus greatly improving the sensitivity and resolution of force imaging. Here, TFM and FTS-based imaging techniques are collectively termed as Cell Adhesive Force Microscopy (CAFM).
  • 976
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Legionella
Legionella are Gram-stain-negative rods associated with water environments: either natural or man-made systems. The inhalation of aerosols containing Legionella bacteria leads to the development of a severe pneumonia termed Legionnaires’ disease.
  • 976
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Megapnosaurus Rhodesiensis
Coelophysis rhodesiensis is an extinct species of coelophysid theropod dinosaur that lived approximately 188 million years ago during the early part of the Jurassic Period in what is now Africa. The species was a small to medium-sized, lightly built, ground-dwelling, bipedal carnivore, that could grow up to 3 m (9.8 ft) long. It was formerly called Syntarsus, but that name was already taken by a beetle, and was subsequently given the name Megapnosaurus by Ivie, Ślipiński & Węgrzynowicz, in 2001, though many subsequent studies have classified it in the genus Coelophysis.
  • 976
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cx43-Mediated Signaling
The immunological synapse (IS) is an intercellular communication platform, organized at the contact site of two adjacent cells, where at least one is an immune cell. Functional IS formation is fundamental for the modulation of the most relevant immune system activities, such as T cell activation by antigen presenting cells. Extensive evidence suggests that connexins, in particular connexin-43 (Cx43) hemichannels and/or gap junctions (GJ), regulate signaling events in different types of IS. Although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, the current evidence suggests that Cx43 channels could act as facilitators for calcium ions, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and/or adenosine triphosphate uptake and/or release at the interface of interacting cells. These second messengers have relevant roles in the IS signaling during dendritic cell (DC)-mediated T and NK cell activation, regulatory T cell-mediated immune suppression, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte or NK cell-mediated target tumor cell killing.
  • 976
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Peripheral Responses to Pain
Pain can be induced by tissue injuries, diseases and infections. The interactions between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and immune system are primary actions in pain sensitizations. In response to stimuli, nociceptors release various mediators from their terminals that potently activate and recruit immune cells, whereas infiltrated immune cells further promote sensitization of nociceptors and the transition from acute to chronic pain by producing cytokines, chemokines, lipid mediators and growth factors. Immune cells not only play roles in pain production but also contribute to PNS repair and pain resolution by secreting anti-inflammatory or analgesic effectors. 
  • 976
  • 12 Mar 2021
Biography
Jeff Dean
Jeffrey Adgate "Jeff" Dean (born July 1968) is an American computer scientist and software engineer. He is currently the lead of Google AI, Google's AI division.[1] Dean received a B.S., summa cum laude from the University of Minnesota in Computer Science & Engineering in 1990.[2] He received a Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of Washington, working under Craig Chambers on compil
  • 976
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Ethnic Differences in Vitamin-D Metabolism
Vitamin D requirements vary from one human population to another. This is because the capacity to synthesize vitamin D in the skin also varies as a result of differences in solar UV or skin pigmentation. There has consequently been natural selection to use this vitamin more efficiently in populations that live at higher latitudes or are darker-skinned.
  • 975
  • 26 Oct 2020
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