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Topic Review
Soil Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive soil bacterium that belongs to the phylum Firmicutes and the genus Bacillus. It is a spore-forming bacterium. During sporulation, it produces a wide range of crystalline proteins that are toxic to different orders of insects. Sporulation, structure assembly, and germination are essential stages in the cell cycle of B. thuringiensis. The majority of studies on these issues have focused on the model organism Bacillus subtilis, followed by Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis. The machinery for sporulation and germination extrapolated to B. thuringiensis. However, in the light of the findings concerning the role of the sporulation proteins (SPoVS), the germination receptors (Gr), and the cortical enzymes in Bt, the theory strengthened that conservation in sporulation, structure assembly, and germination programs drive the survival and success of B. thuringiensis in the environment and the insect host. 
  • 432
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Fermentation Strategy for Olive Pomace
In the Mediterranean region, where olive oil is mostly produced, high amounts of olive oil by-products are generated, which creates an ecological concern, due to their phytotoxic phenolic components (e.g., oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol). However, these compounds also represent a relevant source of antioxidants for health and well-being. The food and beverage, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries can all greatly benefit from the treatment and proper exploitation of olive oil by-products for their health-promoting benefits in various fields. Additionally, recovery and treatment procedures can support effective waste management, which in turn can increase the sustainability of the olive oil sector and result in worthwhile economic advantages. Due to their high phenolic content, olive pomace could be viewed as a good matrix or primary supply of molecules with high added value. 
  • 395
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Herbal Medicines for Gut Microbiota in Obesity
Herbal medicine is a low-cost treatment and has been increasingly applied in obesity treatment. Gut microbiota (GM) is strongly associated with obesity pathogenesis. Schisandra chinensis and Scutellaria baicalensis had significant effects on weight loss herbal intervention therapy composed by five Chinese herbal medicines Ganoderma lucidum, Coptis chinensis, Astragalus membranaceus, Nelumbo nucifera gaertn, and Fructus aurantii (W-LHIT) and white common bean extract (WCBE) on GM, but no significant changes in anthropometry and laboratory biomarkers.
  • 267
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
ADP-Ribosylation during Infection Establishment by Trypanosomatidae Parasites
ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational protein modification, which is evolutionarily conserved in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. It governs critical cellular functions, including, but not limited to cellular proliferation, differentiation, RNA translation, and genomic repair. The addition of one or multiple ADP-ribose moieties can be catalysed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes, while in eukaryotic organisms, ADP-ribosylation can be reversed through the action of specific enzymes capable of ADP-ribose signalling regulation. In several lower eukaryotic organisms, including Trypanosomatidae parasites, ADP-ribosylation is thought to be important for infection establishment. Trypanosomatidae encompasses several human disease-causing pathogens, including Trypanosoma cruzi, T. brucei, and the Leishmania genus. These parasites are the etiological agents of Chagas disease, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), and leishmaniasis, respectively.
  • 310
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Mycorrhizae and Changing Climate
Mycorrhizae and changing climate refers to the effects of climate change on mycorrhizae, a fungus which forms an endosymbiotic relationship between with a vascular host plant by colonizing its roots, and the effects brought on by climate change. Climate change is any lasting effect in weather or temperature. It is important to note that a good indicator of climate change is global warming, though the two are not analogous. However, temperature plays a very important role in all ecosystems on Earth, especially those with high counts of mycorrhiza in soil biota. Mycorrhizae are one of the most widespread symbioses on the planet, as they form a plant-fungal interaction with nearly eighty percent of all terrestrial plants. The resident mycorrhizae benefits from a share of the sugars and carbon produced during photosynthesis, while the plant effectively accesses water and other nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, crucial to its health. This symbiosis has become so beneficial to terrestrial plants that some depend entirely on the relationship to sustain themselves in their respective environments. The fungi are essential to the planet as most ecosystems, especially those in the Arctic, are filled with plants that survive with the aid of mycorrhizae. Because of their importance to a productive ecosystem, understanding this fungus and its symbioses is currently an active area of scientific research.
  • 815
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Bilaminar Blastocyst
Bilaminar blastocyst or bilaminar disc refers to the epiblast and the hypoblast, evolved from the embryoblast. These two layers are sandwiched between two balloons: the primitive yolk sac and the amniotic cavity. The inner cell mass, the embryoblast, begins to transform into two distinct epithelial layers just before implantation occurs. The epiblast is the outer layer that consists of columnar cells. The inner layer is called the hypoblast, or primitive endoderm, which is composed of cuboidal cells. As the two layers become evident, a basement membrane presents itself between the layers. The final two layers of the embryoblast are known collectively as the bilaminar embryonic disc as well as the bilaminar blastocyst or bilaminar blastoderm. This bilaminar blastocyst also defines the primitive dorsal ventral axis. Blastocyst implantation will occur during the second week of fetal development in the endometrium of the uterus; the epiblast is dorsal and the hypoblast is ventral.
  • 5.1K
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Zebrafish Model of Psychiatric Disorders
Psychiatric disorders are highly prevalent brain pathologies that represent an urgent, unmet biomedical problem. Since reliable clinical diagnoses are essential for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, their animal models with robust, relevant behavioral and physiological endpoints become necessary. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) display well-defined, complex behaviors in major neurobehavioral domains which are evolutionarily conserved and strikingly parallel to those seen in rodents and humans.
  • 474
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
HDX-MS Applications on Membrane Proteins
Understanding the higher-order structure of membrane proteins (MPs), which are vital for numerous biological processes, is crucial for comprehending their function. Although several biophysical approaches have been used to study the structure of MPs, limitations exist owing to the proteins’ dynamic nature and heterogeneity. Mass spectrometry (MS) is emerging as a powerful tool for investigating membrane protein structure and dynamics.
  • 628
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Microorganisms in Pristine Cave Environments
Microorganisms are essential to life on Earth and can be found almost everywhere. In pristine environments, through evolutionary change, microorganisms have developed strategies adapted to such hostile conditions. They have adapted their metabolism to survive in extreme conditions with low levels of elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as the chemical composition of the surfaces, which directly affect community diversity. This occurs specifically in caves, which are natural geological formations formed by cavities in the rock and are considered extreme and unfavorable living environments due to severe abiotic conditions. Colonization of substrates in caves is not homogeneous. Different groups of microorganisms occupy different ecological niches in different caves, and together with cave fauna and environmental factors, such as carbon dioxide, temperature, and organic matter content, they determine the biotic functions of caves. Microorganisms colonize in host rock and detrital sediments with different compositions and/or structures, where minerals act as environmental filters that provide specific microhabitats for metabolically similar microorganisms. Microbial colonization is ultimately a complex and dynamic process determined and controlled by physicochemical characteristics and biochemical factors. 
  • 421
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Lectin Activity
A purificação de biomoléculas com alto grau de especificidade, como as lectinas, tem despertado interesse no uso de leitos fixos não tradicionais funcionalizados com ligantes de particular interesse. A interação é robusta o suficiente para permitir a adsorção de glicoproteínas e reversível o suficiente para permitir a dissociação de moléculas em resposta a mudanças no pH da solução. Estudos sobre adsorventes não convencionais, como suportes cromatográficos, podem fundamentar, enriquecer e auxiliar projetos em diversas áreas do conhecimento. Criogênios de poliacrilamida são emergentes e eficientes, podendo ser sintetizados e ter suas matrizes modificadas para múltiplos fins e técnicas cromatográficas. Também são funcionais e apresentam baixo custo quando comparados aos adsorventes cromatográficos convencionais. Nesse contexto, as lectinas podem ser utilizadas principalmente na prevenção de doenças autoimunes e em estudos com biossensores.
  • 531
  • 18 May 2023
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