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Topic Review
Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Therapeutic Strategy against Trypanosomiases
Trypanosomiases are a group of tropical diseases that have devastating health and socio-economic effects worldwide. In humans, these diseases are caused by the pathogenic kinetoplastids Trypanosoma brucei, causing African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness, and Trypanosoma cruzi, causing American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small peptides synthesized by both prokaryotes and (unicellular and multicellular) eukaryotes, where they fulfill functions related to competition strategy with other organisms and immune defense. These AMPs can bind and induce perturbation in cell membranes, leading to permeation of molecules, alteration of morphology, disruption of cellular homeostasis, and activation of cell death. These peptides have activity against various pathogenic microorganisms, including parasitic protists. 
  • 328
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Lipid-Coated Nanobubbles in Plants
One of the more surprising occurrences of bulk nanobubbles is in the sap inside the vascular transport system of flowering plants, the xylem. In plants, nanobubbles are subjected to negative pressure in the water and to large pressure fluctuations, sometimes encompassing pressure changes of several MPa over the course of a single day, as well as wide temperature fluctuations.
  • 270
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Role of Nuclear Proteases in Cell Death Pathways
Multiple factors can trigger cell death via various pathways, and nuclear proteases have emerged as essential regulators of these processes. While certain nuclear proteases have been extensively studied and their mechanisms of action are well understood, others remain poorly characterized. Regulation of nuclear protease activity is a promising therapeutic strategy that could selectively induce favorable cell death pathways in specific tissues or organs.
  • 321
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Fish Skin Mucus Extracts as Antimicrobial Agents
The slow discovery of new antibiotics combined with the alarming emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria underscores the need for alternative treatments. In this regard, fish skin mucus has been demonstrated to contain a diverse array of bioactive molecules with antimicrobial properties, including peptides, proteins, and other metabolites. This entry aims to provide an overview of the antimicrobial molecules found in fish skin mucus and its reported in vitro antimicrobial capacity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Additionally, the different methods of mucus extraction, which can be grouped as aqueous, organic, and acidic extractions, are presented. Finally, omic techniques (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and multiomics) are described as key tools for the identification and isolation of new antimicrobial compounds.
  • 920
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Toxic Effects of Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances in Organisms
More than 7000 synthetic compounds known as per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are applied to food packaging and other materials to provide fat, fire, and/or water resistance properties. These compounds have exceptional environmental stability and persistence due to the strong C-F chemical bond, earning them the moniker “forever chemicals”. Emission of PFAS from industrial waste leads to water, air, and soil contamination. Due to this ubiquitous nature, combined with the fact that PFAS in humans are known to have carcinogenic and reprotoxic effects and to cause vaccine resistance and depression of the immunity system, PFAS may constitute a major threat to human health. For this reason, the attention of the scientific community and of control bodies is increasing and as a consequence legislation and the scientific literature on PFAS are constantly evolving.
  • 417
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Genomic Alterations in Gynaecological Cancers
Endometrial cancer (EC) and cervical cancer (CC) are common malignancies in women in clinical practice. More uncommon non-ovarian malignancies, such as vulval cancer (VC), are also becoming more prevalent in women of all ages. According to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network, ECs can be classified into four groups according to their genetic and molecular information.
  • 373
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Powdery Mildew and Rust Fungi
Powdery mildew and rust fungi are major agricultural problems affecting many economically important crops and causing significant yield losses. These fungi are obligate biotrophic parasites that are completely dependent on their hosts for growth and reproduction. 
  • 479
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Citrobacter sp. in Fish
Fish is considered a highly nutritious food that constitutes the human diet, produced through fishing and aquaculture activities, to be marketed and consumed around the world in different presentations and culinary preparations. Fish is also very susceptible to spoilage and contamination by microorganisms throughout the food chain, which may be part of the usual microbiota or incorporated into food derived from inadequate hygiene practices in the food industry. Fish has been associated worldwide with disease outbreaks derived from consumption, where various bacteria and/or metabolites (biogenic amines) are some of the main casual agents. Citrobacter sp. is considered a pathogen in fish, as well as in humans, derived from the consumption of contaminated food, generating infections or histamine poisoning as it is part of the generating microbiota.
  • 585
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Protein Aggregates and Aggrephagy in Myopathies
A number of muscular disorders are hallmarked by the aggregation of misfolded proteins within muscle fibers. A specialized form of macroautophagy, termed aggrephagy, is designated to remove and degrade protein aggregates. Abnormalities in this pathway are highlighted in a specific muscular disorders.
  • 325
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Recognition and Signaling of Abiotic Stress of Rice
Abiotic stresses pose a significant threat to rice production, and breeding stress-tolerant varieties is crucial for sustainable and efficient farming. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind rice's response to different stresses is essential for developing resilient rice varieties. Researchers herein highlight the effects of abiotic stresses on rice and explore the signaling pathways and transcription factors involved in stress tolerance. It also discusses the use of omics approaches to identify key genes and proposes future research directions to enhance sustainable rice production. By unraveling the molecular basis of stress response, researchers aim to improve rice breeding strategies and ensure global food security.
  • 344
  • 16 Jun 2023
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