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Topic Review
Sourdough and Its Effect on Bread Properties
Sourdough is a key component in traditional and artisanal bread making. It imparts unique flavors and textures to bread, which are highly sought after by consumers. Accumulated research shows the performance of sourdoughs as an alternative to improve the organoleptic characteristics of bread and its shelf life. 
  • 526
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Sources of Reactive Oxygen Species
Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the cellular anti-oxidant defense mechanisms, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of various human diseases. ROS are either produced through cellular processes or environmental factors. Of note, oxidative stress has been described as a secondary effect within the pathology of several rare monogenic diseases and sometimes been called a common denominator. 
  • 379
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sources of HM Contamination in Arable Lands
Heavy metals and metalloids (HMs) are environmental pollutants, most notably cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury, and chromium. When HMs accumulate to toxic levels in agricultural soils, these non-biodegradable elements adversely affect crop health and productivity. The toxicity of HMs on crops depends upon factors including crop type, growth condition, and developmental stage; nature of toxicity of the specific elements involved; soil physical and chemical properties; occurrence and bioavailability of HM ions in the soil solution; and soil rhizosphere chemistry. HMs can disrupt the normal structure and function of cellular components and impede various metabolic and developmental processes. 
  • 294
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Sources of Extraction and Properties of Alginate
Alginate (ALG), a naturally abundant linear and anionic polysaccharide, is generally obtained from the cell wall of brown seaweed belonging to the class Phaeophyceae, including Ascophyllum nodosum, Laminaria hyperborea, Laminaria digitata, Laminaria japonica, and Microcystis pyrifera, and many bacterial strains, including Acetobacter and Pseudomonas spp. 
  • 981
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Sources of Bioavailable Water in Desert Ecosystems
Water availability is the dominant driver of microbial community structure and function in desert soils. However, these habitats typically only receive very infrequent large-scale water inputs (e.g., from precipitation and/or run-off). In light of studies, the paradigm that desert soil microorganisms are largely dormant under xeric conditions is questionable. Gene expression profiling of microbial communities in desert soils suggests that many microbial taxa retain some metabolic functionality, even under severely xeric conditions.
  • 508
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Sources of Baijiu Trace Components
Baijiu is a traditional fermented Chinese beverage with a history of hundreds of years. The notable characteristics of Baijiu include diverse raw materials, complex technology, and the co-fermentation of multiple strains.
  • 418
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Sources of Antifungal Drugs
Due to their eukaryotic heritage, the differences between a fungal pathogen’s molecular makeup and its human host are small. Therefore, the discovery and subsequent development of novel antifungal drugs are extremely challenging. Nevertheless, since the 1940s, researchers have successfully uncovered potent candidates from natural or synthetic sources. Analogs and novel formulations of these drugs enhanced the pharmacological parameters and improved overall drug efficiency. These compounds ultimately became the founding members of novel drug classes and were successfully applied in clinical settings, offering valuable and efficient treatment of mycosis for decades.
  • 350
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Sources of AMPs and Their Inhibitory Effects
Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) can be divided into four major categories: those derived from mammals (human host defence peptides), amphibians and fish, microorganisms, and insects. The AMPs found in oceans have also attracted widespread attention.
  • 824
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Sources and Biological Activity of Cell-Free DNA
The term cell-free DNA (cfDNA) encompasses all kinds of extracellular DNA molecules found in serum or plasma and other body fluids, and includes genomic DNA (gDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), as well as DNA of bacterial or viral origin. Cell-free DNA (cfDNA), freely circulating in the bloodstream, urine, and other fluids (or encapsulated in vesicles) may be derived from both normal and diseased cells. cfDNA is extremely dynamic and responsive, providing sensitive indicators of changes that are not detectable by standard clinical tests. It can be used as a reliable, safe, and objective tool to reflect disease progression and supplement clinical data in a particular patient, and thus, represents a new path in personalized medicine.
  • 355
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Sources and Absorption of Resveratrol
Polyphenols are secondary metabolites produced by plants and also found in many natural products, such as fruit and vegetables, and their derivatives, such as tea, coffee, olive oil, and wine. Polyphenols are well known for their antioxidant properties, which confer to them health-beneficial effects. Among them, resveratrol is probably one of the most investigated molecules. It was first described in 1940 by Michio Takaoka, a Japanese student who was investigating extracts from traditional medicinal plants and called it “resveratrol” because the molecule had been extracted from the roots of Veratrum grandiflorum (white hellebore) and presented the skeleton of resorcinol in its molecular structure. The extract from this plant was exploited for treating several allergic and inflammatory diseases, among others. However, this molecule did not attract much interest until 1997, when Jang and colleagues published an article regarding its cancer chemopreventive activity. Resveratrol is the common name for 3,5,4′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene, a natural phytoalexin derived from phenylpropanoids, that is synthesized in plants under stress conditions, such as infections or UV exposure. 
  • 645
  • 14 Dec 2021
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