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Topic Review
Advantages of Nanofertilizers over the Traditional Chemical Fertilizers
The microflora of the soil is adversely affected by chemical fertilizers. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers has increased crop yield dramatically at the cost of soil vigor. The pH of the soil is temporarily changed by chemical fertilizers, which kill the beneficial soil microflora and can cause absorption stress on crop plants. This leads to higher dosages during the application, causing groundwater leaching and environmental toxicity. Nanofertilizers (NFs) reduce the quantity of fertilizer needed in agriculture, enhance nutrient uptake efficiency, and decrease fertilizer loss due to runoff and leaching. Moreover, NFs can be used for soil or foliar applications and have shown promising results in a variety of plant species. The main constituents of nanomaterials are micro- and macronutrient precursors and their properties at the nanoscale.
  • 914
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Extracellular Matrix Macromolecules
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a ubiquitous member of the body and is key to the maintenance of tissue and organ integrity. Initially thought to be a bystander in many cellular processes, the extracellular matrix has been shown to have diverse components that regulate and activate many cellular processes and ultimately influence cell phenotype.
  • 280
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Host-Derived Cytotoxic Agents
At inflammatory sites, cytotoxic agents are released and generated from invading immune cells and damaged tissue cells. The further fate of the inflammation highly depends on the presence of antagonizing principles that are able to inactivate these host-derived cytotoxic agents.
  • 307
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a neurodegenerative and vascular pathology that is considered one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, resulting from complications of advanced diabetes mellitus (DM). Therapies consist of protocols aiming to alleviate the existing clinical signs associated with microvascular alterations limited to the advanced disease stages. 
  • 294
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Natural Killer Cells in Cancer: Mechanisms of Dysfunction
Natural killer cells (NK) are innate lymphocytes endowed with the ability to recognize and kill cancer cells. Consequently, adoptive transfer of autologous or allogeneic NK cells represents a novel opportunity in cancer treatment that is under clinical investigation. However, cancer renders NK cells dysfunctional, thus restraining the efficacy of cell-based therapies.
  • 336
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Fluorescent Protein-Based Metal Biosensors
Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are optical probes that are used to track the functions of genetically encoded target molecules in molecular and cellular biology. FPs have intrinsic photophysical properties generated by the chromophore and its surrounding amino acid sequences. The intensity of the fluorescence emission of FPs can be changed using external factors such as pH or metal ions.
  • 264
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Wall Materials Used in Spray-Drying
The wall material refers to the protective matrix that safeguards the core material, such as particles, substances, or compounds, throughout the encapsulation process and subsequent handling. It should possess the ability to withstand mechanical stress (e.g., handling) and environmental conditions (e.g., humidity, temperature, and water activity). In spray-drying processes, the chosen wall material must ensure the stability and shelf-life of the encapsulated particle, substance, or compound, while also being cost-effective in terms of encapsulation yield and efficiency. It is essential to understand the characteristics of the materials, regardless of this section aiming to define the primary materials utilized in spray-drying processes.
  • 352
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Fucoidan-Derived Functional Oligosaccharides
Oligosaccharides derived from natural resources are attracting increasing attention as both food and nutraceutical products because of their beneficial health effects and lack of toxicity. New interest has emerged in fucoidan, partially hydrolysed into fuco-oligosaccharides (FOSs) or low-molecular weight fucoidan, owing to their superior solubility and biological activities compared with fucoidan. There is considerable interest in their development for use in the functional food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. 
  • 571
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Betaine as a Functional Ingredient
Betaine is a non-essential amino acid with proven functional properties and underutilized potential. The most common dietary sources of betaine are beets, spinach, and whole grains. Whole grains—such as quinoa, wheat and oat brans, brown rice, barley, etc.—are generally considered rich sources of betaine. This valuable compound has gained popularity as an ingredient in novel and functional foods due to the demonstrated health benefits that it may provide.
  • 560
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance is a critical pathophysiological process in the onset and advancement of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is well-recognized that alterations in the metabolism of lipids and aberrant fat buildup effectively trigger the development of resistance to insulin. Adjusting one’s eating habits and managing weight appropriately are crucial for treating, controlling, and reducing the risk of T2DM because obesity and a lack of physical exercise are the primary factors responsible for the worldwide rise in T2DM. Omega-3 fatty acid is one of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that include long-chain omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, commonly found in fish oils.
  • 646
  • 21 Jun 2023
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