Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Strategies to Increase HDR-Dependent CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Genome Editing
CRISPR (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) technology affords a simple and robust way to edit the genomes of cells, providing powerful tools for basic research and medicine. While using Cas9 to cleave a genomic site is very efficient, making a specific mutation at that site is much less so, as it depends on the endogenous DNA repair machinery. Various strategies have been developed to increase the efficiency of knock-in mutagenesis, mostly focusing on improving homology-directed repair (HDR) while reducing non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Some approaches affect these repair mechanisms globally, while others target their modulations to the site of the Cas9-induced double-strand break (DSB). Other innovations serve to increase the specificity and the efficiency of the editing mechanisms. In addition, methods such as base editing and prime editing produce knock-in mutations without a DSB.
  • 794
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Strategies to Cope with Late Wilt of Maize
Zea mays L. (maize, corn) is one of the world’s leading crops for food, feed, and fuel and as a raw material for different industrial products. Control of maize late wilt disease (LWD) has been at the forefront of research efforts since the discovery of the disease in the 1960s. The disease has become a major economic restraint in highly affected areas such as Egypt and Israel and is of constant concern in other counties. LWD causes dehydration and collapsing at a late stage of maize cultivation, starting from the male flowering phase. The disease causal agent, Magnaporthiopsis maydis, is a seed- and soil-borne phytoparasitic fungus, penetrating the roots at sprouting, colonizing the vascular system without aboveground symptoms, and spreading upwards in the xylem, eventually blocking the water supply to the plant’s upperparts. Nowadays, the disease’s control relies mostly on identifying and developing resistant maize cultivars. Still, host resistance can be limited because M. maydis undergoes pathogenic variations, and virulent strains can eventually overcome the host immunity. This alarming situation is driving researchers to continue to seek other control methods. The current entry will summarize the various strategies tested over the years to minimize the disease damage. These options include agricultural (crop rotation, cover crop, no-till, flooding the land before sowing, and balanced soil fertility), physical (solar heating), allelochemical, biological, and chemical interventions. Some of these methods have shown promising success, while others have contributed to our understanding of the disease development and the environmental and host-related factors that have shaped its outcome. The most updated global knowledge about LWD control will be presented, and knowledge gaps and future aims will be discussed.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Strategies of Immune Evasion by SARS-CoV-2
There are at least seven reported strategies, which are utilized by SARS-CoV-2 for immune evasion: 1. Spike camouflage employs glycan molecules (epitope masking). 2. Differential impairment of MHC-I-mediated antigen presentation by SARS-CoV-2 variants. 3. SARS-CoV-2-driven inhibition of the interferon synthesis. 4. SARS-CoV-2 induces incomplete mitophagy to avoid apoptosis of some infected cells and to increase virus replication. 5. Cell–cell infection and immune evasion through cytoplasmic nanotubes. 6. Cell–cell infection and lymphocyte cell death through syncytia formation. 7. Immune evasion through exosome release.
  • 426
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Strategies for the Control of Biofilms
Biofilm formation in healthcare is an issue of considerable concern, as it results in increased morbidity and mortality, imposing a significant financial burden on the healthcare system. Biofilms are highly resistant to conventional antimicrobial therapies and lead to persistent infections. Hence, there is a high demand for novel strategies other than conventional antibiotic therapies to control biofilm-based infections. There are two approaches which have been employed so far to control biofilm formation in healthcare settings: one is the development of biofilm inhibitors based on the understanding of the molecular mechanism of biofilm formation, and the other is to modify the biomaterials which are used in medical devices to prevent biofilm formation.
  • 374
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Strategies for Over-Expression of Human Membrane Transport Systems
Membrane proteins are crucial for life, because they allow the various body regions to communicate with each other. Ten percent of human genes encode for membrane transport systems, which are key components in maintaining cell homeostasis. They are involved in the transport of nutrients, catabolites, vitamins, and ions, allowing the absorption and distribution of these compounds to the various body regions. In addition, roughly 60% of FDA-approved drugs interact with membrane proteins, among which are transporters, often responsible for pharmacokinetics and side effects. Defects of membrane transport systems can cause diseases; however, knowledge of the structure/function relationships of transporters is still limited. 
  • 472
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Strategies for Nipah and Hendra Viruses
Nipah and Hendra viruses are deadly zoonotic paramyxoviruses with a case fatality rate of upto 75%. The viruses belong to the genus henipavirus in the family Paramyxoviridae, a family of negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. The natural reservoirs of Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are bats (flying foxes) in which the virus infection is asymptomatic. The intermediate hosts for NiV and HeV are swine and equine, respectively. In humans, NiV infections result in severe and often fatal respiratory and neurological manifestations. The Nipah virus was first identified in Malaysia and Singapore following an outbreak of encephalitis in pig farmers and subsequent outbreaks have been reported in Bangladesh and India almost every year.
  • 426
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Strategies for Folate Biofortification in Soybean
Folate (vitamin B9) is an essential water-soluble vitamin in plants and microorganisms that plays a role in one-carbon metabolism. It functions as a cofactor in the synthesis of nucleic acids, metabolism of amino acids, and methylation of hormones, lipids, proteins, and chlorophyll. Folate is particularly important for cell division in pregnant and lactating women. However, humans cannot synthesise folate de novo and must obtain it from dietary sources, such as crops, animal-based foods, or nutritional supplements. 
  • 536
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Strategies for Facilitating Quick Antibacterial Responses
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a pressing public health concern, highlighting the need for alternative approaches to control bacterial infections. Promising approaches include the development of therapeutic vaccines and the utilization of innate immune activation techniques, which may prove useful in conjunction with antibiotics, as well as other antibacterial modalities. However, innate activation should be fast and self- or actively- contained to prevent detrimental consequences. TLR (Toll-like receptor) ligand adjuvants are effective at rapidly activating, within minutes to hours, the innate immune system by inducing cytokine production and other signaling molecules that bolster the host’s immune response. Neutrophils serve as the first line of defense against invading pathogens by capturing and destroying them through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, intracellular degradation, and the formation of NETs (Neutrophil Extracellular Traps). Nutritional immunity is another host defense mechanism that limits the availability of essential metals, such as iron, from invading bacterial pathogens. Thus, iron starvation has been proposed as a potential antibacterial strategy. 
  • 390
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Strategies for Entomopathogenic Fungi in Mosquito Biocontrol
Fungal diseases are widespread among insects and play a crucial role in naturally regulating insect populations. Mosquitoes, known as vectors for numerous infectious diseases, pose a significant threat to human health. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have emerged as highly promising alternative agents to chemical mosquitocides for controlling mosquitoes at all stages of their life cycle due to their unique infection pathway through direct contact with the insect’s cuticle.
  • 560
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Strategies for Enhanced Brain Tumor Cells Targeting
Brain tumors can be classified into two major classes: primary brain tumors that start in the brain and secondary brain tumors that are generated by the cancer cells that migrated from other parts of the body. To reduce the damage of nanomedicines to normal brain function and immune system, the targeting of brain nanodrug delivery systems to brain tumor regions should be enhanced. Brain tumor targeting mainly relies on active targeting strategies, which enhance the accumulation of drugs at tumor sites through passive targeting strategies. Several emerging strategies have recently emerged, such as magnetically targeted nano-drug delivery systems, tumor microenvironment-triggered drug delivery systems, etc. 
  • 567
  • 26 Dec 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 1815
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback