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Topic Review
The Olive Orchard Mosaic
The olive tree is an evergreen plant with a remarkable water control process under water stress conditions. The production of olive oil in Portugal and other countries of the Mediterranean region has greatly increased. Intensification efforts have focused on the growth of the planted area, but also on the increase of the orchards density and the implementation of irrigation systems. Concerns about possible negative impacts of modern olive orchard production have arisen, questioning the trade-offs between the production benefits and the environmental costs. Therefore, it is of great importance to review the research progress made regarding agronomic options that preserve ecosystem services in high-density irrigated olive orchards. To better understand these technical options, it is equaly important to define the different types of olive orchards that can be found in olive-growing countries, such as Portugal, where the olive orchards mosaic includes Traditional (TD: 50–200 trees ha−1), Medium-Density (MD: 201–400 trees ha−1), High-Density (HD: 401–1500 trees ha−1), and Super-High-Density (SHD: 1501–2500 trees ha−1) systems.
  • 415
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Interplay between Polyphenols and Lysyl Oxidase Enzymes
Collagen, the most abundant structural protein found in mammals, plays a vital role as a constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that surrounds cells. Collagen fibrils are strengthened through the formation of covalent cross-links, which involve complex enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is responsible for catalyzing the oxidative deamination of lysine and hydroxylysine residues, resulting in the production of aldehydes, allysine and hydroxyallysine. These intermediates undergo spontaneous condensation reactions, leading to the formation of immature cross-links, which are the initial step in the development of mature covalent cross-links. Additionally, non-enzymatic glycation contributes to the formation of abnormal cross-linking in collagen fibrils. During glycation, specific lysine and arginine residues in collagen are modified by reducing sugars, leading to the creation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs). These AGEs have been associated with changes in the mechanical properties of collagen fibers.
  • 950
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Red Blood Cells and Their Adhesiveness in Disease
Red blood cells (RBCs) have been implicated in the progression of a wide range of disease states where their roles have been specifically linked to their adhesiveness. Such diseases include, inter alia, atherosclerosis, tumors (in terms of its growth suppression), polycythemia vera, central retinal occlusion and diabetes mellitus.
  • 344
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
ADAM Proteases
Limited proteolysis reactions by a disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs) are key events in several paracrine signalling pathways. Therefore, ADAM proteases might also represent master-switches during hepatic fibrosis and other pathophysiologic events. Known and potential fibrosis-associated pathways regulated by ADAM proteases are discussed and the current knowledge on ADAM protease implication in several disease states is reviewed.
  • 377
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
RNA Biomarkers and Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe chronic disorder that represents one of the main causes of disability among young people. To date, no reliable biomarkers are available to inform the diagnosis of BD or clinical response to pharmacological treatment. Studies focused on coding and noncoding transcripts may provide information complementary to genome-wide association studies, allowing to correlate the dynamic evolution of different types of RNAs based on specific cell types and developmental stage with disease development or clinical course. 
  • 314
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Factors Modulate Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the earliest infiltrating cells in PanIN lesions and continue to rise throughout cancer progression. TAMs are the most abundant immune cells in the stroma and are the key drivers shaping the immunosuppressive landscape. There are various mechanisms employed to polarize macrophages to tumor-supporting subtypes which subsequently unleash the plethora of neoplastic characteristics, including promoting malignant cell proliferation, augmenting angiogenesis, metastasis, acquiring pleiotropic pancreatic cancer stem-like cells, supporting chemoresistance.
  • 348
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Red Blood Cells Metabolism beyond Glycolysis
Red blood cells (RBC) are the most abundant cell in the human body, with a central role in oxygen transport and its delivery to tissues. The relative simplicity of RBCs, as historically perceived, has attracted multiple efforts to leverage them as a model of simplified human cell metabolism. Indeed, RBCs exclusively rely on glycolysis (Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway) to generate high-energy phosphate compounds, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—whose main source in other cells is oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria.
  • 462
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
HIV Latency and Nanomedicine Strategies for Anti-HIV
Antiretrovirals (ARVs) reduce Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) loads to undetectable levels in infected patients. However, HIV can persist throughout the body in cellular reservoirs partly due to the inability of some ARVs to cross anatomical barriers and the capacity of HIV-1 to establish latent infection in resting CD4+ T cells and monocytes/macrophages. A cure for HIV is not likely unless latency is addressed and delivery of ARVs to cellular reservoir sites is improved. Nanomedicine has been used in ARV formulations to improve delivery and efficacy. More specifically, researchers are exploring the benefit of using nanoparticles to improve ARVs and nanomedicine in HIV eradication strategies such as shock and kill, block and lock, and others.
  • 256
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Autophagy in Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease marked by relapsing, transmural intestinal inflammation driven by innate and adaptive immune responses. Autophagy is a multi-step process that plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by degrading intracellular components, such as damaged organelles and invading bacteria. Dysregulation of autophagy in CD is revealed by the identification of several susceptibility genes, including ATG16L1, IRGM, NOD2, LRRK2, ULK1, ATG4, and TCF4, that are involved in autophagy.
  • 293
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Functions of Circular RNA
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent single-stranded RNA species that contain covalently closed 3′ and 5′ ends that provide them more stability than linear RNA, which has free ends. Emerging evidence indicates that circRNAs perform essential functions in many DNA viruses, including coronaviruses, Epstein–Barr viruses, cytomegalovirus, and Kaposi sarcoma viruses. Recent studies have confirmed that circRNAs are present in viruses, including DNA and RNA viruses, and play various important functions such as evading host immune response, disease pathogenesis, protein translation, miRNA sponges, regulating cell proliferation, and virus replication. Studies have confirmed that circRNAs can be biological signatures or pathological markers for autoimmune diseases, neurological diseases, and cancers. 
  • 296
  • 13 Jul 2023
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