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Topic Review
LOXL2 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
LOXL2, a copper-dependent amine oxidase, has emerged as a promising therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Increased LOXL2 expression in HCC has been linked with an aggressive phenotype and represents a poor prognostic factor.
  • 211
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Biomedical Applications of Hybrid Nanoparticles
Organic and inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted significant attention due to their unique physico-chemical properties, which have paved the way for their application in numerous fields including diagnostics and therapy. Hybrid nanomaterials consisting of organic nanocompartments (e.g., liposomes, micelles, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) NPs, dendrimers, or chitosan NPs) encapsulating inorganic NPs (quantum dots, or NPs made of gold, silver, silica, or magnetic materials) have been researched for usage in vivo as drug-delivery or theranostic agents.
  • 329
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Treatment of Invasive Aspergillosis by Non-fumigatus Aspergillus spp.
With increasing frequency, clinical and laboratory-based mycologists are consulted on invasive fungal diseases caused by rare fungal species. A. flavus is the second most common Aspergillus spp. isolated in patients with IA and the predominant species in subtropical regions. Treatment is complicated by its intrinsic resistance against amphotericin B (AmB) and high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for voriconazole. A. nidulans has been frequently isolated in patients with long-term immunosuppression, mostly in patients with primary immunodeficiencies such as chronic granulomatous disease. It has been reported to disseminate more often than other Aspergillus spp. Innate resistance against AmB has been suggested but not yet proven, while MICs seem to be elevated. A. niger is more frequently reported in less severe infections such as otomycosis. Triazoles exhibit varying MICs and are therefore not strictly recommended as first-line treatment for IA caused by A. niger, while patient outcome seems to be more favorable when compared to IA due to other Aspergillus species. A. terreus-related infections have been reported increasingly as the cause of acute and chronic aspergillosis. A recent prospective international multicenter surveillance study showed Spain, Austria, and Israel to be the countries with the highest density of A. terreus species complex isolates collected.
  • 198
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Single Omic Layer Analyses in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is a major health concern since it is a highly diagnosed cancer and the second cause of death among cancers. Thus, the most suitable biomarkers for its diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment have been studied to improve and personalize the prevention and clinical management of colorectal cancer. The emergence of omic techniques has provided a great opportunity to better study CRC and make personalized medicine feasible.
  • 242
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Proteins Modifying Extracellular Matrix of Echinoderms
The extracellular matrix (ECM), the most important innovation in the evolution of Metazoa, made it possible to form and maintain multicellularity. In extant animals, connective tissue performs a wide variety of functions, from conducting cell–cell signals to creating support structures. In echinoderms, the ECM constitutes a substantial portion of tissue. Its composition, structure, and renewal play an important role in the physiology of these animals.
  • 231
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Methods to Establish a 3D Cell Culture
The clear potential of three-dimensional (3D) systems to provide new models suitable for studying cell interactions in both basic and more specialized research, revolutionizing cell culture technology, and offering alternative methods for animal experimentation, has prompted the scientific community to develop different efficient methods to establish 3D cell cultures, all of which, in turn, affect 3D model characteristics. These techniques can be divided into two major categories: scaffold-free systems and scaffold-based systems. Scaffold-free systems are based on the self-aggregation capability of some cell types, which can be encouraged using specific cell plates and/or physical parameters that avoid cell attachment. On the other hand, in scaffold-based systems, cells are seeded in natural or synthetic materials, allowing cell proliferation, aggregation, and 3D organization.
  • 689
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
PCSK6 in Cardiovascular Biology and Disease
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 6 (PCSK6) is a secreted serine protease expressed in most major organs, where it cleaves a wide range of growth factors, signaling molecules, peptide hormones, proteolytic enzymes, and adhesion proteins. In the cardiovascular system, PCSK6 acts as a key modulator in heart formation, lipoprotein metabolism, body fluid homeostasis, cardiac repair, and vascular remodeling. To date, dysregulated PCSK6 expression or function has been implicated in major cardiovascular diseases.
  • 573
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Dysregulated Signalling Pathways Driving Anticancer Drug Resistance
One of the leading causes of death worldwide, in both men and women, is cancer. Despite the significant development in therapeutic strategies, the inevitable emergence of drug resistance limits the success and impedes the curative outcome. Intrinsic and acquired resistance are common mechanisms responsible for cancer relapse. Several factors crucially regulate tumourigenesis and resistance, including physical barriers, tumour microenvironment (TME), heterogeneity, genetic and epigenetic alterations, the immune system, tumour burden, growth kinetics and undruggable targets. Moreover, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), Notch, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), integrin-extracellular matrix (ECM), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), phosphoinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR), wingless-related integration site (Wnt/β-catenin), Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) and RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways are some of the key players that have a pivotal role in drug resistance mechanisms.
  • 246
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Role of ADAMTS Proteoglycanases in Aortic Disease
Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD) are complex disease states with high morbidity and mortality that pose significant challenges to early diagnosis. The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a crucial role in regulating the aortic structure and function. The histopathologic hallmark termed medial degeneration is characterised by smooth muscle cell (SMC) loss, the degradation of elastic and collagen fibres and proteoglycan (PG) accumulation. Covalently attached to the protein core of PGs are a number of glycosaminoglycan chains, negatively charged molecules that provide flexibility, compressibility, and viscoelasticity to the aorta. PG pooling in the media can produce discontinuities in the aortic wall leading to increased local stress. The accumulation of PGs is likely due to an imbalance between their synthesis by SMCs and decreased proteolysis by A Disintegrin-like and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) proteoglycanases in the ECM. Mouse models of TAAD indicated that these proteases exert a crucial, albeit complex and not fully elucidated, role in this disease. This has led to a mounting interest in utilising ADAMTS proteoglycanases as biomarkers of TAAD.
  • 341
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases in Adipose Tissue
Adipose tissue is a crucial organ in energy metabolism and thermoregulation. Adipose tissue phenotype is controlled by various signaling mechanisms under pathophysiological conditions. Type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) are a group of trypsin-like enzymes anchoring on the cell surface. These proteases act in diverse tissues to regulate physiological processes, such as food digestion, salt-water balance, iron metabolism, epithelial integrity, and auditory nerve development. Several members of the TTSP family, namely, hepsin, matriptase-2, and corin, have been shown to play a role in regulating lipid metabolism, adipose tissue phenotype, and thermogenesis, via direct growth factor activation or indirect hormonal mechanisms. In mice, hepsin deficiency increases adipose browning and protects from high-fat diet-induced hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. Similarly, matriptase-2 deficiency increases fat lipolysis and reduces obesity and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-fed mice. In contrast, corin deficiency increases white adipose weights and cell sizes, suppresses adipocyte browning and thermogenic responses, and causes cold intolerance in mice. These findings highlight an important role of TTSPs in modifying cellular phenotype and function in adipose tissue. 
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