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Topic Review
Textile Electrodes for Wearable Biopotential Signal Monitoring
The technology of wearable medical equipment has advanced to the point where it is now possible to monitor the electrocardiogram and electromyogram comfortably at home. The transition from wet Ag/AgCl electrodes to various types of gel-free dry electrodes has made it possible to continuously and accurately monitor the biopotential signals. Fabrics or textiles, which were once meant to protect the human body, have undergone significant development and are now employed as intelligent textile materials for healthcare monitoring. The conductive textile electrodes provide the benefit of being breathable and comfortable.
  • 295
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Life Cycle and Tissue Niches of Plasmodium Parasites
The new biological characteristics identified in the P. vivax life cycle with cryptic infections detected in extrahepatic sites (spleen, bone marrow and the lymphatic system) present a new conundrum. It is of interest that in all the cryptic sites, the sinusoidal system is used by the parasites to enter tissues. The sinusoids have a unique anatomical structure that includes a monocyte–macrophage system in addition to the fenestrated endothelium. All the tissues are therefore involved in defending the body, particularly the spleen, where the largest biomass of P. vivax infection has been found. 
  • 308
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Integrated Pest Management Practices
Integrated pest management (IPM) is a wide-ranging strategy that involves tactics for the structural control of pests and diseases, also known as integrated pest control (IPC). The practice of IPM involves adopting ecosystem-based approaches to crop production and protection as it combines diverse management strategies and techniques to promote healthy crop growth while reducing the need for pesticides.
  • 328
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
ADAMTS and Fertility in Females and Males
The ADAMTS (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs) family genes code for key metalloproteinases in the remodeling process of different ECM. Several genes of this family encode for proteins with important functions in reproductive processes; in particular, ADAMTS1, 4, 5 and 9 are genes that are differentially expressed in cell types and the physiological stages of reproductive tissues. ADAMTS enzymes degrade proteoglycans in the ECM of the follicles so that the oocytes can be released and regulate follicle development during folliculogenesis, favoring the action of essential growth factors, such as FGF-2, FGF-7 and GDF-9. The transcriptional regulation of ADAMTS1 and 9 in preovulatory follicles occurs because of the gonadotropin surge in preovulatory follicles, via the progesterone/progesterone receptor complex. In addition, in the case of ADAMTS1, pathways involving protein kinase A (PKA), extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) might contribute to ECM regulation. Different Omic studies indicate the importance of genes of the ADAMTS family from a reproductive aspect. ADAMTS genes could serve as biomarkers for genetic improvement and contribute to enhance fertility and animal reproduction.
  • 293
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
mTORC1 Pathway and Autophagy in Platinum-Based Chemotherapeutics Resistance
Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum I) is a platinum-based drug, the mainstay of anticancer treatment for numerous solid tumors. Drug resistance is a serious problem in the treatment with platinum-based drugs. Resistance to cisplatin depends on both the inner adaptive mechanisms of cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment, where hypoxic conditions increase the tolerance of cancer cells to the drug. Among intercellular adaptive factors, the most important are: (1) a reduced drug accumulation due to either a decreased influx or an increased efflux; (2) an increase in DNA repair and changes in DNA damage response (DDR); (3) an alteration of apoptosis; (4) changes in signaling pathways, notably the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway. 
  • 316
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Chromium Picolinate on Testicular Steroidogenesis and Antioxidant Balance
Reduced testosterone (T) levels significantly contribute to male infertility, as this hormone plays a vital role in various functions throughout the male reproductive system. T is produced in the Leydig cells (LC) via testicular steroidogenesis. Dysfunctional LC can impair steroid synthesis and therefore fertility. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are noteworthy factors influencing steroidogenesis by interfering with hormonal signaling. The heavy metal chromium is classified as an EDC, existing as hexavalent (Cr(VI)) and trivalent chromium (Cr(III)). Despite the debate surrounding Cr(III), chromium picolinate (CrPic3), is used as a nutritional supplement due to its antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Detrimental effects of CrPic3 on LC encompass enzyme inhibition in steroidogenesis and, while in other cell types, it was found to induce of mutagenesis and apoptosis. Notably, CrPic3 influences male fertility through modifications in reactive oxygen species, T levels, and sperm parameters (e.g., sperm motility and abnormal sperm count). Nonetheless, major gaps and inconsistencies exist in literature concerning its effects on male fertility. Thus, more research is essential to comprehend the mechanisms in which CrPic3 is involved that may be relevant to male fertility, ensuring the safety of this supplement for man.
  • 199
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Factors Required for the Biosynthesis of Glycosphingolipids
As integral components of the cell membrane, glycosphingolipids (GSLs) consist of a glycosidically bound carbohydrate moiety and a lipid moiety known as ceramide. 
  • 197
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Effects of Dietary on Tumor Metabolism
The remodeled cancer cell metabolism affects the tumor microenvironment and promotes an immunosuppressive state by changing the levels of macro- and micronutrients and by releasing hormones and cytokines that recruit immunosuppressive immune cells. Novel dietary interventions such as amino acid restriction and periodic fasting mimicking diets can prevent or dampen the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment by acting systemically on the release of hormones and growth factors, inhibiting the release of proinflammatory cytokines, and remodeling the tumor vasculature and extracellular matrix.
  • 217
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Health Benefits of Chlorophylls and Chlorophyll-Rich Agro-Food
Chlorophylls play a crucial role in photosynthesis and are abundantly found in green fruits and vegetables that form an integral part of our diet. Although limited, existing studies suggest that these photosynthetic pigments and their derivatives possess therapeutic properties. These bioactive molecules exhibit a wide range of beneficial effects, including antioxidant, antimutagenic, antigenotoxic, anti-cancer, and anti-obesogenic activities.
  • 573
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Brain Calcifications
Brain calcifications (BC) are intracranial calcium deposits localized in the brain parenchyma and its microvasculature. Their prevalence ranges from 1% in young individuals up to 38% in elderly subjects. Calcified areas are easily identified by clinicians as hyperdense alterations on brain CT. A certain degree of intracranial calcifications, particularly of the basal ganglia, pineal gland, choroid plexus, and habenula, can be considered a normal phenomenon associated with aging. Indeed, BC are often incidental findings on neuroimaging of asymptomatic individuals; however, they can also be associated with many genetic and acquired disorders. BC can be primary, as observed in several early- and late-onset genetic syndromes, or can be secondary to systemic alterations of phosphate–calcium metabolism (genetic and also acquired forms), intrauterine (e.g., TORCH) and post-natal infections (e.g., neurocysticercosis), hypoxic-ischemic injuries, toxic exposures (e.g., lead), brain tumors (e.g., oligodendrogliomas), and autoimmune disorders (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus).
  • 668
  • 10 Aug 2023
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