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Topic Review
Animal Models of Acute Inflammation
Acute inflammation is an integral component of the body's innate immune system, responsible for defending against infections and initiating the healing process post-injury. While essential for overall health, uncontrolled or excessive acute inflammation can lead to severe tissue damage and the onset of chronic inflammatory disorders, posing a substantial threat to well-being. The exploration takes us into the realm of preclinical models of acute inflammation, where their characteristics and their indispensable contributions to our understanding of the intricate mechanisms governing inflammation were analyzed. These models provide researchers with controlled environments to replicate and study inflammation, mirroring the complex interplay of inflammatory mediators, cells, and pathways observed in human physiology.
  • 252
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay
The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical removal is one of the most widely applied and used methods in food and pharmaceutical applications. DPPH method gives a better response for mostly phenolic compounds and then for compounds with limited polarity. In the case of polar and phenolic compounds, adding water to the reaction medium, that is, aqueous methanol, gives better results. When testing low-polarity compounds, ethyl acetate with a radical is suitable. DPPH reaction rates depend on the steric accessibility of the radical site rather than the chemical properties of the tested antioxidant compounds. The rate at which DPPH reacts with antioxidants depends on the varying ratios of mixed single-electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mechanisms. The reaction mechanisms of DPPH∙ scavenging and responses are modified by many environmental and experimental factors.
  • 2.0K
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Methods of Increasing the Bioavailability of Polyphenols
Polyphenols, a class of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and lignans, are commonly found in plant-based diets with a variety of biological actions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. Unfortunately, polyphenols are not widely used in nutraceuticals since many of the chemicals in polyphenols possess poor oral bioavailability. Thankfully, polyphenols can be encapsulated and transported using bio-based nanocarriers, thereby increasing their bioavailability. Polyphenols’ limited water solubility and low bioavailability are limiting factors for their practical usage, but this issue can be resolved if suitable delivery vehicles are developed for encapsulating and delivering polyphenolic compounds.
  • 301
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
C3 to CAM Photosynthesis Transition
Global climate change and population growth are persistently posing threats to natural resources (e.g., freshwater) and agricultural production. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) evolved from C3 photosynthesis as an adaptive form of photosynthesis in hot and arid regions. It features the nocturnal opening of stomata for CO2 assimilation, diurnal closure of stomata for water conservation, and high water-use efficiency.
  • 374
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Bioinformatics and Chemoinformatics
Chemoinformatics involves integrating the principles of physical chemistry with computer-based and information science methodologies, commonly referred to as “in silico techniques”, in order to address a wide range of descriptive and prescriptive chemistry issues, including applications to biology, drug discovery, and related molecular areas. On the other hand, the incorporation of machine learning has been considered of high importance in the field of drug design, enabling the extraction of chemical data from enormous compound databases to develop drugs endowed with significant biological features.
  • 353
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Metallic Trace Elements on Fish
Metallic trace elements toxicity has been associated with a wide range of morphological abnormalities in fish, both in natural aquatic ecosystems and controlled environments. The bioaccumulation of metallic trace elements can have devastating effects on several aspects of fish health, encompassing physiological, reproductive, behavioural, and developmental functions. 
  • 294
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Colonization of Clostridioides difficile to Human Intestinal Cells
Clostridioides difficile is considered a nosocomial pathogen that flares up in patients exposed to antibiotic treatment. However, four out of ten patients diagnosed with C. difficile infection (CDI) acquired the infection from non-hospitalized individuals, many of whom have not been treated with antibiotics. Treatment of recurrent CDI (rCDI) with antibiotics, especially vancomycin (VAN) and metronidazole (MNZ), increases the risk of experiencing a relapse by as much as 70%. Fidaxomicin, on the other hand, proved more effective than VAN and MNZ by preventing the initial transcription of RNA toxin genes. Alternative forms of treatment include quorum quenching (QQ) that blocks toxin synthesis, binding of small anion molecules such as tolevamer to toxins, monoclonal antibodies, such as bezlotoxumab and actoxumab, bacteriophage therapy, probiotics, and fecal microbial transplants (FMTs).
  • 197
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Electrospun Nanofibers for Food Packaging
With the strengthening of the public awareness of food safety and environmental protection, functional food packaging materials have received widespread attention. Nanofibers are considered as promising packaging materials due to their unique one-dimensional structure (high aspect ratio, large specific surface area) and functional advantages. Electrospinning, as a commonly used simple and efficient method for preparing nanofibers, can obtain nanofibers with different structures such as aligned, core-shell, and porous structures by modifying the devices and adjusting the process parameters.
  • 241
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Major Phytochemical Classes with Potent Antibacterial Activity
Plants have two major groups of metabolites: primary and secondary. Carbohydrates and lipids are products of the primary metabolism of plants, while phenolic compounds, carotenoids, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids are considered to be secondary metabolites. Numerous secondary metabolites exhibit multifaceted pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities, among others.
  • 238
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Ecosystem
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiotic relationships with the roots of nearly all land-dwelling plants, increasing growth and productivity, especially during abiotic stress. AMF improves plant development by improving nutrient acquisition, such as phosphorus, water, and mineral uptake. AMF improves plant tolerance and resilience to abiotic stressors such as drought, salt, and heavy metal toxicity.
  • 523
  • 07 Sep 2023
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