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Topic Review
Intelligent Insulins
The concept of intelligent/smart insulins is straightforward, and it can be summed up as “from complexity to simplicity.” In essence, it is a question of creating an insulin capable of self-regulating according to changes in blood sugar, so-called “glucose responsive insulin” (GRI), eliminating the need to consider all the variables involved in dose calculation (calories, carbohydrates, exercise, time, etc.).
  • 141
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Inflammation and Cancer
Chronic inflammation exerts a pivotal role in cancer development, progression, and prognosis. This entry delves into the intricate association between inflammation and cancer, elucidating its triggers, mechanisms, and far-reaching consequences. Chronic infections, environmental pollutants, and lifestyle factors can initiate and sustain inflammation, while inflammatory cells, mediators, and pathways orchestrate cancer-related processes. This interplay molds the tumor microenvironment, fosters therapeutic resistance, and negatively impacts prognosis. Understanding inflammation's role in cancer not only enhances our comprehension of tumorigenesis but also offers potential avenues for novel prevention and treatment strategies, ultimately promising a brighter future in the fight against this formidable disease.
  • 283
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
FGF-18 in Bone Regeneration
The fibroblast growth factor family contains 22 members. Fibroblast growth factors such as 2, 9, and 18 are mainly associated with the differentiation of osteoblasts and in bone regeneration. FGF-18 stimulates the PI3K/ERK pathway and smad1/5/8 pathway mediated via BMP-2 by blocking its antagonist, which is essential for bone formation.
  • 195
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Method of Pest Control in Insects
Modern agriculture and public health management both depend heavily on insect pest control. It includes a range of tactics and strategies meant to control and lessen the negative effects that insect pests have on human, animal, and agricultural populations.Chemical pesticides are a primary method of controlling insect pests. These chemicals are intended to target particular pests and disturb their life cycles or kill them. However, a heavy dependence on pesticides can result in damage to non-target creatures, environmental contamination, and pesticide resistance. Consequently, integrated pest management (IPM) has grown in popularity. IPM incorporates several tactics, such as mechanical measures (traps and barriers), cultural practices (rotation crops or modifying planting timings), and biological management (using natural predators or parasites to reduce pest populations). This minimizes the need for chemical treatments. Sustainable and environmentally friendly pest management techniques have become more popular recently, placing a focus on the use of biopesticides (naturally occurring organisms or their derivatives) and genetically modifying crops to ward off pests. Furthermore, developments in monitoring technology like remote sensing and data analytics assist farmers in making wise choices about pest control. Finally, insect pest management is a complex enterprise that has evolved to strike a balance between the need for pest mitigation and worries about the environment and human health, eventually maintaining food security and the health of ecosystems.
  • 245
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
MiRNAs Expression Modulates Osteogenesis in Response to Nutrition
Epigenetic mechanisms may influence gene activity at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Among the most studied epigenetic modifications, there are changes in the expression profile of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs). Furthermore, it is already known that diet along with exercise, can modulate the expression of endogenous miRNAs and prevent or delay the development of some metabolic diseases such as bone disorders, confirming the importance of epigenetics in bone regeneration. In addition, some foods contain miRNAs that after ingestion can influence the various biological processes. The bone tissue is metabolically active and it is constantly remodelling in response to different stimuli. MiRNAs expression together with specific transcription factors control the differentiation of the mesenchymal cells from which the osteogenic line cells originate. 
  • 179
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Peroxidation Assays
This research comprehensively explores the techniques for evaluating lipid peroxidation, a critical process in oxidative stress implicated in various diseases. Direct methods, including TBARS assay, HPLC-based analyses, GC-MS, EPR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry imaging, offer precise quantification of lipid peroxidation products. Indirect methods, such as LOOH assays, conjugated dienes assays, F2-isoprostane assays, antioxidant capacity assays, and EMSA, provide insights into downstream effects and antioxidant responses. Balancing specificity and accessibility, these methods collectively advance our understanding of lipid peroxidation's role in health and disease. Integrating these techniques with emerging technologies promises to drive further innovation and therapeutic discoveries in oxidative stress-related conditions.
  • 226
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Structural Characteristics, Classification, and Nomenclature of Glycosphingolipids
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a glycolipid subtype which plays vital roles in numerous biological processes, cell–cell interactions, as well as oncogenesis and ontogenesis. They are ubiquitous molecules found mostly in cell membranes.
  • 294
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Gene Expression of Wistar Rats after REM Sleep
Sleep is essential for the survival of most living beings. Numerous researchers have identified a series of genes that are thought to regulate “sleep-state” or the “deprived state”. As sleep has a significant effect on physiology, lack of total sleep, or particularly rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, for a prolonged period would have a profound impact on various body tissues.  REM sleep deprivation affected a total of 652 genes in the brain and 426 genes in the liver. Only 23 genes were affected commonly, 10 oppositely, and 13 similarly across brain and liver tissue. Nine-day REM sleep deprivation differentially affects genes and processes in the brain and liver of rats.
  • 207
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Tracing the Timber Supply Chain
Traceability is the ability to follow the processes that a raw material or product goes through. For forestry, this means identifying the wood from the standing tree to the mill entrance and recording all information about the technical (production) and spatial (transportation) manipulation of the timber by linking it to the ID.
  • 242
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs in IBD and Johne’s Disease
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) have paved the way to new perspectives on the regulation of gene expression, not only in biology and medicine, but also in associated fields and technologies, ensuring advances in diagnostic means and therapeutic modalities. Critical in this multistep approach are the associations of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) with diseases and their causal genes in their networks of interactions, gene enrichment and expression analysis, associated pathways, the monitoring of the involved genes and their functional roles during disease progression from one stage to another. Studies have shown that Johne’s Disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies partuberculosis (MAP), shares common lncRNAs, clinical findings, and other molecular entities with Crohn’s Disease (CD). This has been a subject of vigorous investigation owing to the zoonotic nature of this condition, although results are still inconclusive.
  • 238
  • 11 Sep 2023
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