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Topic Review
Chemical-Induced Crohn's Disease in Rodents
Crohn's disease, a complex and chronic inflammatory bowel disorder, has prompted extensive research into its multifactorial etiology. While genetic factors and dysregulated immune responses have been central to understanding this disease, emerging evidence suggests that certain environmental factors, particularly chemical exposures, may contribute significantly to its development. This research examines the body of research pertaining to chemical-induced Crohn's disease in rodent models, aiming to shed light on potential links between specific chemicals and Crohn's disease-like manifestations in these animals. Several chemicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease in rodent studies. Triclosan, a common antimicrobial agent, has been shown to disrupt the gut microbiota and induce intestinal inflammation. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), persistent organic pollutants, exacerbated colonic inflammation in mouse models. Bisphenol A (BPA), a ubiquitous plastic component, led to increased gut permeability and dysbiosis in mice. Sodium dextran sulfate (DSS), while intentionally used to induce colitis, shares pathological features with Crohn's disease. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been demonstrated to exacerbate colitis-like symptoms in rodents. Key mechanisms include dysbiosis, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation, mirroring features observed in human Crohn's disease. However, caution must be exercised in translating these findings to humans, recognizing the complex interplay of genetic predisposition and multiple environmental factors. Further research is warranted to delineate dose-response relationships, genetic interactions, and real-world relevance. Regulatory actions and alternative animal models should also be considered to advance our understanding and mitigate potential risks associated with chemical exposures. Ultimately, the insights gleaned from these models offer hope for improved prevention and management strategies for Crohn's disease.
  • 279
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Beverage and Food Fragrance Biotechnology
Flavors and fragrances are essential for the beverage and food industries. Biosynthesis or extraction are the two main ways to obtain these crucial compounds with many different chemical structures.
  • 248
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
miRNAs as Biomarkers in Disease
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a class of small, non-coding RNAs with the main roles of regulating mRNA through its degradation and adjusting protein levels. In recent years, extraordinary progress has been made in terms of identifying the origin and exact functions of miRNA, focusing on their potential use in both the research and the clinical field. 
  • 313
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Advantages and Risks of Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Hydrogels can be considered as mimics of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Through integrins, the cytoskeleton is connected to the ECM, and cytoskeleton tension depends on ECM stiffness. A number of age-related diseases depend on cellular processes related to cytoskeleton function. Some examples of cancer initiation and progression and heart disease in relation to ECM stiffness have been analyzed. The incorporation of rigid particles into the ECM can increase ECM stiffness and promote the formation of internal residual stresses. Water migration, changes in water binding energy to biomactomolecules, and changes in the state of water from tightly bound water to free and loosely bound water lead to changes in the stiffness of the ECM. 
  • 290
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Altered Glucose Dependency in Drug-Resistant Cancer Cells
A chemotherapeutic approach is crucial in malignancy management, which is often challenging due to the development of chemoresistance. Over time, chemo-resistant cancer cells rapidly repopulate and metastasize, increasing the recurrence rate in cancer patients. Targeting these destined cancer cells is more troublesome for clinicians, as they share biology and molecular cross-talks with normal cells. 
  • 169
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Peptide Stapling Applied to Antimicrobial Peptides
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered a promising therapeutic approach against multi-drug resistant microorganisms. Besides their advantages, there are limitations to be overcome so that these molecules can become market competitive. One of the biggest limitations is proteolytic susceptibility, which could be overcome by structural modifications such as cyclization, especially for helix-constraining strategies. Over the years, many helix stabilization techniques have arisen, such as lactam-bridging, triazole-based, N-alkylation and all-hydrocarbon stapling. All-hydrocarbon stapling takes advantage of modified amino acid residues and olefinic cross-linking to constrain peptide helices. Despite being a well-established strategy and presenting efficient stability results, there are different limitations especially related to toxicity. In the research, some studies on stapled AMPs for antimicrobial usage are explored with the aim of understanding the future of these molecules as putative antimicrobial agents.
  • 347
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Methods in Drug Combination Prediction
The prediction of drug combinations is of great clinical significance. In many diseases, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and stomach ulcers, the simultaneous use of two or more drugs has shown clear efficacy. It has greatly reduced the progression of drug resistance. 
  • 309
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Nano-Biotechnology for Bacteria Identification
Sepsis is a critical disease caused by the abrupt increase of bacteria in human blood, which subsequently causes a cytokine storm. Early identification of bacteria is critical to treating a patient with proper antibiotics to avoid sepsis. Advances in nanotechnology have shown great potential for fast and accurate bacterial identification. 
  • 220
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Classification of Mechanoreceptors and Their Physiological Importance
Mechanosensitive ion channels comprise a broad group of proteins that sense mechanical extracellular and intracellular changes, translating them into cation influx to adapt and respond to these physical cues. All cells in the organism are mechanosensitive, and these physical cues have proven to have an important role in regulating proliferation, cell fate and differentiation, migration and cellular stress, among other processes. Indeed, the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix in cancer change drastically due to high cell proliferation and modification of extracellular protein secretion, suggesting an important contribution to tumor cell regulation.
  • 233
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
White Mango Scale
The white mango scale (WMS) insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is a polyphagous, multivoltine pest which is a serious threat to qualitative mango production and export. The WMS insect sucks sap from leaves, branches and fruits. The heavy infestation of this pest may cause the falling of young leaves, drying up of twigs, poor flowering, and, finally, reduce the quality of fruits by producing pink spots on fruits’ surface.
  • 668
  • 22 Sep 2023
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