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Topic Review
Plant Growth Promotion Using Bacillus cereus
Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) appear to be a sensible competitor to conventional fertilization, including mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products. Undoubtedly, one of the most interesting bacteria exhibiting plant-stimulating traits is, more widely known as a pathogen, Bacillus cereus. Several environmentally safe strains of B. cereus have been isolated and described, including B. cereus WSE01, MEN8, YL6, SA1, ALT1, ERBP, GGBSTD1, AK1, AR156, C1L, and T4S. These strains have been studied under growth chamber, greenhouse, and field conditions and have shown many significant traits, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase production or phosphate solubilization, which allows direct plant growth promotion. It includes an increase in biometrics traits, chemical element content (e.g., N, P, and K), and biologically active substances content or activity, e.g., antioxidant enzymes and total soluble sugar. Hence, B. cereus has supported the growth of plant species such as soybean, maize, rice, and wheat. Importantly, some B. cereus strains can also promote plant growth under abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, and heavy metal pollution.
  • 353
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
DnaA and Hyperstructure Dynamics in the Cell Cycle
The DnaA protein has long been considered to play the key role in the initiation of chromosome replication in modern bacteria.
  • 212
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
In Vitro Embryogenesis and Gastrulation Using Stem Cells
During early mammalian embryonic development, fertilized one-cell embryos develop into pre-implantation blastocysts and subsequently establish three germ layers through gastrulation during post-implantation development. Stem cells have emerged as a powerful tool to study embryogenesis and gastrulation without the need for eggs, allowing for the generation of embryo-like structures known as synthetic embryos or embryoids. These in vitro models closely resemble early embryos in terms of morphology and gene expression and provide a faithful recapitulation of early pre- and post-implantation embryonic development. Synthetic embryos can be generated through a combinatorial culture of three blastocyst-derived stem cell types, such as embryonic stem cells, trophoblast stem cells, and extraembryonic endoderm cells, or totipotent-like stem cells alone. 
  • 491
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Chitin and Chitosan in Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beverage
The natural biopolymer chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are abundant in nature. They are obtained from different sources, including the crustacean shells and the cell walls of fungi. Chitin and chitosan have various applications in the beverage industry, such as a flocculent to improve the clarification process, reduce metals and contaminates, and extend shelf-life. They are also used as material for immobilizing microorganisms and enzymes, allowing bioprocesses to develop that preserve the quality of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. 
  • 252
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Red Fruits Composition
Red fruits are not only a source of vitamins but are also a rich source of minerals (phosphorus, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, and copper). Shows sweet cherry, blackberry, blueberry, raspberry, and strawberry mineral composition.
  • 404
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
β-Lactams
Ceftaroline fosamil is an N-phosphono prodrug of the fifth generation cephalosporin derivative ceftaroline, presenting two amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7, respectively.
  • 312
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Telocytes in Modulating Gut Motility Function and Development
Telocytes (TCs) are interstitial cells with distinct features. They have extensions that react to mechanical stimulation through calcium channels. The ability of TCs to communicate with surrounding cells, especially stem cells (SCs), through gap junctions and extracellular vesicles opens a wide range of questions. Moreover, the hypothesis that TCs are capable of carrying out the cellular niche for stem cell regulation and support suggests that TCs could play an important part in the response to major changes in homeostasis. It also suggests that TCs have a significant functional role in tissues that have an increased turnover.
  • 348
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Retroperitoneal Sarcoma
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are an uncommon and biologically heterogeneous group of tumors arising from mesenchymal cells. The incidence is estimated at five cases per 100,000 people per year. Retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS) account for 10–15% of all STS, and their management depends on their anatomical characteristics and histotype. Due to their very low incidence, it is recommended that RPS be treated in reference centers and evaluated by an experienced multidisciplinary team (MDT). In Spain, the Spanish Group for Research in Sarcomas (GEIS) brings together experts from various specialties to promote research on sarcomas and improve treatment results.
  • 342
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Collagen in Cartilage Damage
Collagens serve essential mechanical functions throughout the body, particularly in the connective tissues. In articular cartilage, collagens provide most of the biomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix essential for its function. Collagen plays a very important role in maintaining the mechanical properties of articular cartilage and the stability of the ECM. Noteworthily, many pathogenic factors in the course of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, such as mechanical injury, inflammation, and senescence, are involved in the irreversible degradation of collagen, leading to the progressive destruction of cartilage. 
  • 215
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Chemical Induction of Arthritis in Rodents
Arthritis, a prevalent group of musculoskeletal disorders characterized by joint inflammation, poses a significant global public health challenge. To develop effective treatments, it is imperative to comprehend the causes and mechanisms underlying arthritis. One valuable avenue of study involves inducing arthritis in animal models, particularly rodents, using various chemical agents. These chemical-induced arthritis models have played a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of arthritis pathogenesis, immune system involvement, and potential therapeutic interventions. This research explores the wide array of chemicals employed to induce arthritis in rodents, elucidating their mechanisms of action and contributions to arthritis research. Animal models, especially rodents like mice and rats, have proven indispensable in replicating key aspects of human arthritis, facilitating investigations into underlying mechanisms, therapy testing, and drug safety assessment. The entry delves into the intricacies of various chemical-induced arthritis models, such as adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA), collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis, and monosodium urate (MSU)-induced gouty arthritis. Each model offers unique insights into different facets of arthritis, whether autoimmune or degenerative in nature. While these models have greatly expanded our knowledge, it is essential to acknowledge their limitations and prioritize ethical considerations in animal research. The scientific community is dedicated to refining these models, exploring alternative approaches, and integrating advanced technologies like genetic engineering and computational simulations to enhance our understanding of arthritis and minimize animal suffering. As we move forward, the synergy of rodent models with cutting-edge techniques holds immense promise in advancing arthritis research. This progress not only deepens our comprehension of the condition but also hastens the development of personalized therapies and diagnostic tools, ultimately improving the lives of millions affected by arthritis. In the ongoing battle against arthritis, these rodent models remain vital guiding lights, steering us toward better treatments and improved quality of life.
  • 276
  • 25 Sep 2023
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