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Topic Review
The Human Microbiome in Brief
The human microbiome is an intricate and diverse ecosystem of microorganisms that inhabit our bodies, comprising bacteria, viruses, fungi, and more. This hidden universe thrives within us, with approximately 100 trillion microorganisms coexisting in harmony with our human cells. While the gut microbiome is the most extensively studied, other regions of the body, including the skin, mouth, vagina, and even the respiratory tract, host unique microbial communities. These microscopic inhabitants are not mere passengers but active participants in our bodily functions. They aid in digestion, regulate metabolism, educate our immune systems, and even influence our mental health through the gut-brain axis. Dysbiosis, an imbalance in these microbial communities, has been linked to various health conditions, from gastrointestinal disorders to autoimmune diseases and mental health disorders. As research in this field advances, the potential for personalized medicine and innovative treatments becomes increasingly promising, opening doors to a new era of healthcare and well-being.
  • 156
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Smartwatches and Heart Rate Variability in Stress Management
In the modern world, stress has become a pervasive concern that affects individuals’ physical and mental well-being. To address this issue, many wearable devices have emerged as potential tools for stress detection and management by measuring heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), and various metrics related to it. 
  • 390
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Drosophila melanogaster as Phytochemicals Translational Model System
Drosophila melanogaster, an invertebrate model with its extensively studied genome, has more than 70% gene homology to humans and has been used as a model system in biological studies for a long time. The notable advantages of Drosophila as a model system, such as their low maintenance cost, high reproductive rate, short generation time and lifespan, and the high similarity of metabolic pathways between Drosophila and mammals, have encouraged the use of Drosophila in the context of screening and evaluating the impact of phytochemicals present in the diet. 
  • 284
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Immune System in Brief
The immune system is the body's intricate defense mechanism against infections and diseases. It is composed of a vast network of cells, tissues, and molecules working in harmony to protect us. Two main branches, the innate and adaptive immune systems, work together to differentiate between "self" and "non-self" entities. Innate immunity provides immediate but nonspecific protection, employing barriers like the skin and various white blood cells to quickly respond to threats. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, takes time to develop and is highly specific. It relies on the production of antibodies and memory cells to remember and target specific pathogens for future encounters. The immune system's functionality revolves around recognizing foreign invaders, launching targeted responses, and forming immunological memory. It also requires tight regulation to prevent overactive responses or autoimmune disorders. Recent breakthroughs in immunology, such as immunotherapy and mRNA vaccines, highlight the ever-evolving understanding and harnessing of the immune system's capabilities, promising a brighter future in the fight against diseases.
  • 359
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostic Tools for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, encompasses a spectrum of clinical conditions and poses a significant risk of infection to over one billion people worldwide. 
  • 172
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Neutrophils in Brief
Neutrophils, often referred to as the unsung heroes of the immune system, are a type of white blood cell that plays a pivotal role in safeguarding our health. These versatile immune warriors are the first responders to infections and inflammation, acting as the frontline defense against invading pathogens. With their characteristic multi-lobed nuclei and granulated appearance, neutrophils may appear unassuming, but their functions are anything but ordinary. Neutrophils employ an impressive arsenal of tactics to combat threats. They execute phagocytosis, engulfing and neutralizing pathogens within specialized compartments. They release potent antimicrobial proteins and enzymes, such as defensins and lysozyme, to directly attack invaders. Neutrophils can also form intricate structures called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to immobilize and trap microbes. Beyond their role in innate immunity, recent discoveries have unveiled their participation in adaptive immunity, influencing long-lasting immunological memory. Despite their humble appearance, neutrophils are essential components of our body's defense mechanisms, diligently working to maintain our overall health.
  • 238
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Bases of Molybdenum Homeostasis in Legumes
Legumes play a special role in this process, as they have unique characteristics with respect to storing protein and many other important components in their seeds that are useful for human and animal nutrition as well as industry and agriculture. A great advantage of legumes is the nitrogen fixation activity of their symbiotic nodule bacteria. This nitrogen self-sufficiency contributes directly to the challenging issue of feeding the world’s growing population. Molybdenum is one of the most sought-after nutrients because it provides optimal conditions for the maximum efficiency of the enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation as well as other molybdenum-containing enzymes in the host plant and symbiotic nodule bacteria. Molybdenum supply improves seed quality and allows for the efficient use of the micronutrient by molybdenum-containing enzymes in the plant and subsequently the nodules at the initial stages of growth after germination. A sufficient supply of molybdenum avoids competition for this trace element between nitrogenase and nodule nitrate reductase, which enhances the supply of nitrogen to the plant
  • 313
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Macrophages in Brief
Macrophages, the unsung heroes of our immune system, are multifunctional immune cells that play a pivotal role in defending our bodies against infections, promoting tissue repair, and maintaining overall health. Originating from circulating monocytes, macrophages are distributed throughout various tissues, adapting to their local environments and fulfilling specialized functions. These immune sentinels are recognized for their remarkable ability to engulf and digest pathogens, a process known as phagocytosis. Additionally, they serve as crucial antigen-presenting cells, initiating adaptive immune responses by presenting antigens to T cells. This bridging function between innate and adaptive immunity is a testament to their importance. Beyond immunity, macrophages are key players in tissue regeneration and homeostasis. They clear cellular debris, promote tissue repair, and modulate inflammation. Dysregulation of macrophage function is associated with a range of diseases, including autoimmune disorders and cancer. As research in immunology advances, macrophages continue to unveil their complex roles, offering promising avenues for therapeutic interventions and a deeper understanding of immune responses and disease processes.
  • 238
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Dendritic Cells in Brief
Dendritic cells, often dubbed the "conductors" of the immune orchestra, are a remarkable subset of immune cells with a pivotal role in orchestrating our body's immune responses. Originating from hematopoietic stem cells, dendritic cells are strategically stationed in various tissues, acting as vigilant sentinels. These cells excel in capturing, processing, and presenting antigens to other immune cells, thereby initiating and shaping both innate and adaptive immunity. In the realm of innate immunity, dendritic cells are the rapid responders to infections and tissue damage. They sense danger signals, phagocytose pathogens, and release signals that summon reinforcements. Crucially, they bridge the gap between innate and adaptive immunity, acting as educators to naive T cells, thereby shaping our body's memory against specific pathogens. Beyond their role as immune initiators, dendritic cells play a vital part in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Their functions can either promote disease progression, as seen in certain infections, or help mitigate autoimmune reactions or combat cancer. As research advances, dendritic cells continue to be at the forefront of immunology, offering promising avenues for therapeutic interventions and a deeper understanding of immune responses and disease processes.
  • 332
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Aspects of Hepatitis E Virus
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a single-stranded, positive RNA virus. The HEV is the causing agent of hepatitis, with a high prevalence rate in low-income countries due to poor sanitary conditions. It can exhibit acute, continuous, or extrahepatic consequences in immunocompromised individuals such as those undergoing organ transplantation and having HIV infection. HEV infection is either self-limiting (silent), meaning the patient will possibly recover on his own, or symptomatic, causing acute liver injury or fulminant hepatitis, and may eventually cause death. It can also cause chronic hepatitis that can progress to cirrhosis or recovery. Pregnancy-related HEV infection has an incidence rate of 30%. HEV escape from innate immunity, hormonal imbalances, defective monocyte–macrophage function, downregulation of the T-cell-mediated immune system, high cytokine production, nutritional factors, and socioeconomic conditions may play fundamental roles in the prevalence of HEV infection. It is necessary to take particular measures to reduce the incidence burden of HEV infection in high endemic locations. 
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