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Topic Review
Engineering Plastic Eating Enzymes Using Structural Biology
Plastics are polymers composed of repeating units of small organic molecules with the majority manufactured from non-renewable fossil fuels. The potential interactions between the enzymes and plastic substrates have also been identified and this knowledge leveraged to engineer improved variants of cutinases with enhanced plastic degradation capabilities.
  • 324
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Tuberculosis and Its Relevant Aspects
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), whose pathogenic role was demonstrated in 1882 by the research conducted by Koch. TB is transmitted from person to person through the respiratory route, commonly affecting the lungs, but other tissues can also be damaged.
  • 340
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bacterial Persistence Mechanisms
The recurrence of bacterial infectious diseases is closely associated with bacterial persisters. This subpopulation of bacteria can escape antibiotic treatment by entering a metabolic status of low activity through various mechanisms, for example, biofilm, toxin–antitoxin modules, the stringent response, and the SOS response.
  • 239
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Plant Infusions
Plant infusions, commonly called teas or tisanes, are the most popular form of herbal medicine worldwide, used for thousands of years. Consuming teas and herbal infusions is increasingly embedded in the routine of Americans and Europeans due to their potential health benefits, attractive flavor and taste, and relatively low retail prices.
  • 387
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Interaction between Melanoma Cells and Tumor Microenvironment
Malignant melanoma is a very aggressive skin cancer, characterized by a heterogeneous nature and high metastatic potential. The incidence of melanoma is continuously increasing worldwide, and it is one of the most common cancers in young adults. The understanding of melanoma biology has increased profoundly, and disease management for patients with disseminated disease has improved due to the emergence of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. However, a significant fraction of patients relapse or do not respond adequately to treatment. This can partly be explained by the complex signaling between the tumor and its microenvironment, giving rise to melanoma phenotypes with different patterns of disease progression.
  • 214
  • 06 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Non-Culture-Based Methods for Diagnosing Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis
The diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients is crucial since most clinical signs are not specific to invasive fungal infections. To detect an IPA, different criteria should be considered. Next to host factors and radiological signs, microbiological criteria should be fulfilled. For microbiological diagnostics, different methods are available. Next to the conventional culture-based approaches like staining and culture, non-culture-based methods can increase sensitivity and improve time-to-result. Besides fungal biomarkers, like galactomannan and (1→3)-β-D-glucan as nonspecific tools, molecular-based methods can also offer detection of resistance determinants. The detection of novel biomarkers or targets is promising. 
  • 228
  • 06 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Beehive Products for Wound Repair and Skin Care
There is a long and interesting history between honeybees and humans. From the beginning, honey has been utilized not only as a sweetener, but also as an ointment and a drug to treat several diseases. Until the discovery of antibiotics, honey was a very popular product used to protect and preserve skin and promote wound healing, to counteract gastrointestinal pains and disorders of the oral cavity, and for other diseases. After the development of antibiotic resistance, honey again gained interest for its use in wound management. Subsequently, more recently, in vitro and in vivo studies have displayed antimicrobial, antioxidant, and other effects of honey and honeybee products, as well as protection of cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems. 
  • 329
  • 06 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Mee (Madhuca longifolia) Seed Fat
Mee (Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) J.F. Macb. var. longifolia) is a salient economic tree spread throughout the subtropical region of the Indian subcontinent. Its seed constituents have distinctive chemical properties and thus extracted fat have distinctive nutritional and functional characteristics.
  • 297
  • 06 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Metallophores Produced by Salmonella enterica
Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium are the main causes of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. This Gram-negative rods bacterium possesses several virulence factors that enable it to survive the host’s nutritional immunity. Toxins and metallophores are among these factors. Heavy metals, in particular, are essential for the survival of all living organisms including bacteria.
  • 307
  • 05 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Asthma Endotypes and Phenotypes
Asthma is considered an umbrella diagnosis comprising various distinct manifestations and mechanisms. The precise definition of these endotypes and subgroups is crucial for asthma management due to therapeutic and prognostic implications.  A reductionist research approach to asthma complexity may explain the lack of translation of genomic findings into clinical practice to date, despite the abundance of low-to-modest effect genetic loci revealed by genomic studies of asthma. Shifting asthma diagnosis to specific endotypes and phenotypes  may provide insights into features that can be prevented or alleviated by therapeutic intervention.
  • 356
  • 04 Oct 2023
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