Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
The Interrelation Between Interleukin-2 and Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a severe chronic psychiatric disorder, with a lifetime prevalence of about 1%. Clinically, the symptom of schizophrenia can be grouped into positive symptoms, (such as hallucinations and delusions), negative symptoms (such as social disorder and emotional passivation), mood symptoms (such as depressed mood), psychomotor symptoms, and cognitive impairment. Most patients with schizophrenia suffer from the disease for life, with a low recovery rate. Based a meta-analysis, only 13.5% of patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses met recovery standard. On the one hand, schizophrenia reduces the quality of life and causes a huge burden on patients and their family. On the other hand, schizophrenia reduces life expectancy. People with schizophrenia have an average life expectancy reduction of 15 years, and their suicide rate is between 5% and 10%. The etiology of schizophrenia has remained unclear to date, and there is no appropriate animal model for preclinical study of the symptoms of schizophrenia.
  • 424
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
The Interplay between Plants and Microbial Communities
Plant-microbe interactions are critical for ecosystem functioning and driving rhizosphere processes. To fully understand the communication pathways between plants and rhizosphere microbes, it is crucial to measure the numerous processes that occur in the plant and the rhizosphere. Plants can host a wide range of microbes, collectively known as the plant microbiome, in the rhizosphere (i.e., the region of soil in the vicinity of plant roots), endosphere (i.e., plant internal tissues), and phyllosphere (i.e., stem, leaves, or flowers). These microbiomes form long-lasting interactions with the host plant, leading to positive, neutral, or negative impacts on crop performance and microbe-mediated biogeochemical processes.
  • 749
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Interplay between Calcium and Reactive Oxygen Species
Mitochondria are key players in energy production, critical activity for the smooth functioning of energy-demanding organs such as the muscles, brain, and heart. Therefore, dysregulation or alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics primarily perturb these organs. Within the cell, mitochondria are the major site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through the activity of different enzymes since it is one of the organelles with the major availability of oxygen.
  • 677
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Interplay between Autophagy and HSV-1
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that occasionally may spread to the central nervous system (CNS), being the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis. One of the main neurovirulence factors of HSV-1 is the protein infected-cell protein 34.5 (ICP34.5), which although it initially seems to be relevant only in neuronal infections, it can also promote viral replication in non-neuronal cells. 
  • 540
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Interactions between Microorganisms and Arsenic
While arsenic is a natural and inevitable part of the biogeochemical cycle, the rise in anthropogenic activities has led to its continued increase in arsenic concentrations in various environmental matrices. High arsenic concentration is considered a threat due to its recalcitrant nature as well as its capacity for highly toxic effects in plants, animals, and humans. Among all domains of life, microorganisms have been dealing with arsenic since life arose and are the most resilient to its lethal effects. Strides in elucidating the biochemical pathways of their ability to detoxify arsenic has allowed us to utilize their potential in bioremediation processes. 
  • 282
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Interaction between Melanoma Cells and Tumor Microenvironment
Malignant melanoma is a very aggressive skin cancer, characterized by a heterogeneous nature and high metastatic potential. The incidence of melanoma is continuously increasing worldwide, and it is one of the most common cancers in young adults. The understanding of melanoma biology has increased profoundly, and disease management for patients with disseminated disease has improved due to the emergence of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. However, a significant fraction of patients relapse or do not respond adequately to treatment. This can partly be explained by the complex signaling between the tumor and its microenvironment, giving rise to melanoma phenotypes with different patterns of disease progression.
  • 216
  • 06 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Insulin-like Growth Factor System and Colorectal Cancer
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are peptides which exert mitogenic, endocrine and cytokine activities. Together with their receptors, binding proteins and associated molecules, they participate in numerous pathophysiological processes, including cancer development. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease with high incidence and mortality rates worldwide, whose etiology usually represents a combination of the environmental and genetic factors. IGFs are most often increased in CRC, enabling excessive autocrine/paracrine stimulation of the cell growth. Overexpression or increased activation/accessibility of IGF receptors is a coinciding step which transmits IGF-related signals. A number of molecules and biochemical mechanisms exert modulatory effects shaping the final outcome of the IGF-stimulated processes, frequently leading to neoplastic transformation in the case of irreparable disbalance.
  • 509
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Innate Immune System in Cardiovascular Diseases
Innate immune cells are the early responders to infection and tissue damage. They play a critical role in the initiation and resolution of inflammation in response to insult as well as tissue repair. Following ischemic or non-ischemic cardiac injury, a strong inflammatory response plays a critical role in the removal of cell debris and tissue remodeling. However, persistent inflammation could be detrimental to the heart. Studies suggest that cardiac inflammation and tissue repair needs to be tightly regulated such that the timely resolution of the inflammation may prevent adverse cardiac damage. This involves the recognition of damage; activation and release of soluble mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and proteases; and immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. This is important in the context of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity as well. Doxorubicin (Dox) is an effective chemotherapy against multiple cancers but at the cost of cardiotoxicity. The innate immune system has emerged as a contributor to exacerbate the disease.
  • 536
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Initiation of Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a normal physiological process of highly regulated cell death that occurs in most multicellular organisms. Apoptosis plays an important role in the cell cycle and is an integral part of the immune system under physiological and pathological conditions. Disorders of apoptosis are associated with autoimmune diseases, bacterial and viral diseases, heart disease, and neurodegeneration. Apoptosis is defined as an energy-dependent cell death which is one of the pathological characteristics of ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI).
  • 749
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Influence of Specific Microbial Species on Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder with an alarming incidence rate and a considerable burden on the patient’s life and health care providers. An increase in blood glucose level and insulin resistance characterizes it. Internal and external factors such as urbanization, obesity, and genetic mutations could increase the risk of DM. Microbes in the gut influence overall health through immunity and nutrition. More studies have been conducted to evaluate and estimate the role of the gut microbiome in diabetes development, progression, and management. 
  • 304
  • 15 May 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 1815
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback