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Topic Review
The Disease-Inducing Potential of HERV-K
HERV-K (HML-2), the most recently active endogenous retrovirus group in humans, is transcribed during normal human embryogenesis, starting from the eight-cell stage and continuing through the emergence of epiblast cells in preimplantation blastocysts. These proviral RNAs produce viral-like particles and gag proteins in human blastocysts, indicating the presence of retroviral products during early human development. Additionally, the envelope protein of HERV-K (HML-2) from specific loci in chromosomes 12 and 19 is highly expressed on the cell membrane of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). 
  • 234
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Presynaptic Precursor Vesicle Biogenesis
The faithful formation and, consequently, function of a synapse requires continuous and tightly controlled delivery of synaptic material. At the presynapse, a variety of proteins with unequal molecular properties are indispensable to compose and control the molecular machinery concerting neurotransmitter release through synaptic vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane. As presynaptic proteins are produced mainly in the neuronal soma, they are obliged to traffic along microtubules through the axon to reach the consuming presynapse. 
  • 300
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Senescent Cells
Cellular senescence, a state of permanent cell cycle arrest in response to endogenous and exogenous stimuli, triggers a series of gradual alterations in structure, metabolism, and function, as well as inflammatory gene expression that nurtures a low-grade proinflammatory milieu in human tissue. A growing body of evidence indicates an accumulation of senescent neurons and blood vessels in response to stress and aging in the retina. Prolonged accumulation of senescent cells and long-term activation of stress signaling responses may lead to multiple chronic diseases, tissue dysfunction, and age-related pathologies by exposing neighboring cells to the heightened pathological senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).
  • 367
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Mitochondria in Extracellular Trap Formation
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) are the most abundant circulating cells in the innate immune system. Circulating granulocytes, primarily neutrophils, can cross the endothelial barrier and activate various effector mechanisms to combat invasive pathogens. Eosinophils and basophils also play an important role in allergic reactions and antiparasitic defense. Granulocytes also regulate the immune response, wound healing, and tissue repair by releasing of various cytokines and lipid mediators. The effector mechanisms of granulocytes include the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), degranulation, phagocytosis, and the formation of DNA-containing extracellular traps.
  • 392
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Commercial Applications of Duckweed
Commercial applications of duckweeds include wastewater recycling and freshwater reclamation through removal of nitrogen- and phosphate-based fertilizer run-off and other waste-products, serving as feedstock for biofuels production (from starch or lipid), and production of food with superior nutritional quality (for humans and livestock), while requiring minimal space, light, and fertilizer.
  • 599
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Formation Mechanism of Pigeon Milk
Pigeon is an important economic poultry species in many countries. Pigeon milk is generally characterized by having high concentrations of proteins and lipids, and a complicated regulatory network is involved in the milk formation. Hormones, especially prolactin, could promote the proliferation of crop epidermal cells and nutrient accumulation. The expression of target genes associated with these important biological processes in the crop epidermis is affected by non-coding RNAs. Meanwhile, signaling pathways, such as target of rapamycin (TOR), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (JAK/STAT), protein kinase B (Akt), etc., influence the production of crop milk by either enhancing protein synthesis in crop cells or inducing apoptosis of crop epidermal cells.
  • 571
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Structure and Function of LRP5
The LRP5 protein plays a significant role in the highly conserved canonical WNT signaling pathway, also known as the WNT–β-catenin pathway, which is involved in multiple processes, including cell fate determination, organogenesis, limb pattern formation, injury repair, and the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases.
  • 228
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are a superfamily of RNA-binding proteins consisting of more than 20 members. These proteins play a crucial role in various biological processes by regulating RNA splicing, transcription, and translation through their binding to RNA.
  • 448
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Telomeric and Sub-Telomeric in Fungal
Telomeres are long non-coding regions found at the ends of eukaryotic linear chromosomes. Although they have traditionally been associated with the protection of linear DNA ends to avoid gene losses during each round of DNA replication, the role of these sequences and their adjacent regions go beyond just protecting chromosomal ends. Regions nearby to telomeric sequences have now been identified as having increased variability in the form of duplications and rearrangements that result in new functional abilities and biodiversity.
  • 356
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Innate Lymphoid Cells in Brief
Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) are a recently discovered, enigmatic class of immune cells that have garnered significant attention in the field of immunology. These cells play a pivotal role in maintaining tissue integrity, immune surveillance, and mediating immune responses at barrier surfaces, such as the skin, gut, and lungs. What sets ILCs apart is their ability to swiftly respond to challenges without the need for prior sensitization, distinguishing them from adaptive immune cells like T and B cells. ILCs rely on pattern recognition receptors and a repertoire of cytokines to detect and respond to a wide array of threats, including infections, tissue damage, and environmental changes. ILCs are classified into three main groups based on their cytokine production and transcription factor profiles: ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s. ILC1s primarily defend against intracellular pathogens, ILC2s respond to parasitic infections and allergies, while ILC3s are essential for maintaining mucosal barrier integrity and regulating the gut microbiota. These cells are not only integral to immune defense but also have implications in various disease contexts, including infections, inflammatory disorders, cancer, and allergic conditions. Understanding ILC biology promises to shed light on new therapeutic strategies and revolutionize our approach to immune-related diseases. As our knowledge of ILCs deepens, these cells continue to unveil their potential as critical players in the intricate symphony of the immune system.
  • 316
  • 09 Oct 2023
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