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Topic Review
Role of the Microbiota in Skin Neoplasms
The skin and the gut are regularly colonized by a variety of microorganisms capable of interacting with the immune system through their metabolites and influencing the balance between immune tolerance and inflammation. Alterations in the composition and diversity of the skin microbiota have been described in various cutaneous diseases, including skin cancer, and the actual function of the human microbiota in skin carcinogenesis, such as in progression and metastasis, is currently an active area of research. 
  • 264
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Molecular and Cellular Functions of S100A10
S100A10 (p11, annexin II light chain, calpactin light chain) is a multifunctional protein with a wide range of physiological activity. S100A10 is unique among the S100 family members of proteins since it does not bind to Ca2+, despite its sequence and structural similarity. 
  • 282
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Membrane Protein Preparation for Single-Particle Cryo-Electron Microscopy Analysis
Single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM SPA) has emerged as an exceptionally well-suited technique for determining the structure of membrane proteins (MPs). Indeed, huge increase in the number of MPs solved via cryo-EM SPA at a resolution better than 3.0 Å in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) has been observed. However, sample preparation remains a significant challenge in the field. 
  • 322
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
C1q in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Complement Component 1q (C1q), an initiating recognition molecule of the classical complement pathway, can interact with a variety of ligands and perform a range of functions in physiological and pathophysiological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS). Beyond its established roles in CNS growth, development, and bodily immunization, a novel facet of C1q’s functionality has been freshly unveiled within the intricate tapestry of neuropathological pathways that underpin neurodegenerative disorders and traumatic brain injury (TBI). This revelation has cast a spotlight on C1q as a prospective therapeutic avenue for safeguarding neuronal well-being or for retarding the progression of neurodegenerative maladies.
  • 320
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Experimental Injury Models of Cardiac Regeneration
Cardiac regeneration is an ancestral trait in vertebrates, a general capacity that seems to be inversely correlated with evolutionary complexity across the animal kingdom. To better understand the biology of MI, as well as to develop different therapeutic strategies, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models have been developed. 
  • 207
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Uric Acid in Human Health
Uric acid is the final product of purine metabolism and is converted to allantoin in most mammals via the uricase enzyme. The accumulation of loss of function mutations in the uricase gene rendered hominoids (apes and humans) to have higher urate concentrations compared to other mammals. The loss of human uricase activity may have allowed humans to survive environmental stressors, evolution bottlenecks, and life-threatening pathogens. While high urate levels may contribute to developing gout and cardiometabolic disorders such as hypertension and insulin resistance, low urate levels may increase the risk for neurodegenerative diseases. The double-edged sword effect of uric acid has resurrected a growing interest in urate’s antioxidant role and the uricase enzyme’s role in modulating the risk of obesity. 
  • 581
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bacterial Cellulose and Xanthan
Degradable biopolymers have become increasingly important as potential environmentally friendly biomaterials, providing a wide range of applications in various fields. Bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are biomacromolecules, which due to their unique properties have found applications in biomedicine, foodstuff, textiles, cosmetics, petroleum, pharmaceuticals, nanoelectronics, and environmental remediation. One of the important commercial polysaccharides produced on an industrial scale is xanthan. In recent years, the range of its application has expanded significantly. Bacterial cellulose (BC) is another unique EPS with a rapidly increasing range of applications. 
  • 413
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Furin in Type 2 Diabetes
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are chemical or enzymatic alterations that occur on proteins after they are synthesized from their corresponding genes. They are essential for protein function and are involved in various biological processes, including protein folding, localization, stability, activity, and interaction with other proteins. Proprotein convertases (PCs) are irreversible post-translational modifiers that have been extensively studied and are considered as key targets for novel therapeutics. They cleave proteins at specific sites causing conformational changes affecting their functions. Furin is considered as a PC model in regulating growth factors and is involved in regulating many pro-proteins. 
  • 361
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The IGF1 Signaling Pathway
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a peptide growth factor with important functions in multiple aspects of growth, development and metabolism. The biological actions of IGF1 are mediated by the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), a cell-surface protein that is evolutionarily related to the insulin receptor (InsR).
  • 355
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Methods to Assess Cell Proliferation in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and severe malignancies worldwide. Recent advances in diagnostic methods allow for more accurate identification and detection of several molecular biomarkers associated with this cancer. Classical prognostic genetic markers comprise mutations in several genes (e.g., APC, KRAS/BRAF, TGF-β, and TP53). Furthermore, CIN and MSI serve as chromosomal markers, while epigenetic markers include CIMP and many other candidates such as SERP, p14, p16, LINE-1, and RASSF1A. Results on the prognostic value of the most commonly used cell cycle-related markers in CRC demonstrated by immunohistochemical (IHC) methods in relation to patients' overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS), are inconsistent. However, it was possible to confirm such a role for cyclin B1, cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67. The number of long non-coding RNAs (e.g., SNHG1, SNHG6, MALAT-1, CRNDE) and microRNAs (e.g., miR-20a, miR-21, miR-143, miR-145, miR-181a/b) associated with proliferation in CRC as confirmed prognostic markers is increasing. Despite the rather obvious limitations of IHC and new molecular techniques, the standardisation of methods for quantitative assessment of proliferation marker expression, or the understanding of endogenous and exogenous (environmental) mechanisms of accelerated cellular proliferation, requires further development.
  • 327
  • 12 Oct 2023
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