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Topic Review
Evolutionary History of the Large American Liver Fluke
The large American liver fluke (Fascioloides magna) is considered an invasive trematode parasite in Europe. Its origin dates back before the Cretaceous-Paleogene Mass Extinction, after which it survived at least three population bottlenecks and successful host switches before it arrived in Europe.
  • 592
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Health-Promoting Effects of Bioactive Compounds from  Endophytic Fungi
Plant endophytic fungi reside within the living tissues of plants, forming a unique symbiotic relationship. One of their defining features is their ability to exist within the plant for extended periods, often throughout the plant’s life cycle. They colonize various plant tissues, including leaves, stems, and roots, and display remarkable adaptability to different environmental conditions. Unlike pathogens, they do not provoke an immune response from the host plant, allowing them to maintain a stealthy coexistence. Endophytic fungi have evolved diverse mechanisms to survive within the plant’s internal environment. Some form specialized structures called “microsclerotia” or “sclerotia”, which protect them from adverse conditions. Others produce secondary metabolites, including bioactive compounds, which contribute to their ecological success and their potential to influence plant health
  • 249
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Microvascular Skeletal-Muscle Crosstalk in Health and Disease
As an organ system, skeletal muscle is essential for the generation of energy that underpins muscle contraction, plays a critical role in controlling energy balance and insulin-dependent glucose homeostasis, as well as vascular well-being, and regenerates following injury. To achieve homeostasis, there is requirement for “cross-talk” between the myogenic and vascular components and their regulatory factors that comprise skeletal muscle. Accordingly, here will describe the following: [a] the embryonic cell-signaling events important in establishing vascular and myogenic cell-lineage, the cross-talk between endothelial cells (EC) and myogenic precursors underpinning the development of muscle, its vasculature and the satellite-stem-cell (SC) pool, and the EC–SC cross-talk that maintains SC quiescence and localizes ECs to SCs and angio-myogenesis postnatally; [b] the vascular–myocyte cross-talk and the actions of insulin on vasodilation and capillary surface area important for the uptake of glucose/insulin by myofibers and vascular homeostasis, the microvascular-myocyte dysfunction that characterizes the development of insulin resistance, diabetes and hypertension, and the actions of estrogen on muscle vasodilation and growth in adults; [c] the role of estrogen in utero on the development of fetal skeletal-muscle microvascularization and myofiber hypertrophy required for metabolic/vascular homeostasis after birth; [d] the EC–SC interactions that underpin myofiber vascular regeneration post-injury; and [e] the role of the skeletal-muscle vasculature in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
  • 212
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Structural Diversity of Simply Oxygenated Benzophenones
Naturally occurring benzophenones represent a relatively small group of plant metabolites with narrow distribution, mainly in members of Clusiaceae, Gentianaceae, Hypericaceae, Polygalaceae, Myrtaceae, etc.
  • 187
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Heavy Metals in Foods and Beverages
Heavy metals are chemical elements with a toxic effect on the human body. The expansion of industries has led to significant increasing levels of these constituents in the environment. Intensive agriculture can also lead to an increased concentration of heavy metals as a result of using different fertilizers and pesticides. Heavy metal accumulation in soil and plants represents a serious issue because of the potential risks to consumers. There are several methods available for the removal of these toxic components from different substrates (chemical precipitation, electrodialysis, coagulation and flocculation, photocatalytic removal, and adsorption-based processes), but most procedures are expensive and difficult to perform. Thus, more research is needed on the development of low-cost methods in foods. 
  • 553
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Spent Mushroom Substrate for Enhanced Agricultural Sustainability
As the mushroom industry advances, it yields a consequential by-product known as spent mushroom substrate (SMS). Comprising residual fungal mycelium, lignocellulosic biomass, and enzymes, SMS has garnered significant attention as a substantial waste product.
  • 442
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Single-Cell Analysis and Application
Biological parameters extracted from electrical signals from various body parts have been used for many years to analyze the human body and its behavior. In addition, electrical signals from cancer cell lines, normal cells, and viruses, among others, have been widely used for the detection of various diseases. Single-cell parameters such as cell and cytoplasmic conductivity, relaxation frequency, and membrane capacitance are important.
  • 178
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Serine Integrases in Synthetic Biology
Serine integrases are emerging as one of the most powerful biological tools for biotechnology. With the fast development of synthetic biology, serine integrases have been used as one of the powerful genetic tools with their unique features of site-specific, orthogonality, irreversibility, high affinity, and high efficiency. Serine integrases are widely used in diverse ways, including genome engineering, biological part and genetic circuit design, and DNA assembly. Moreover, serine integrases also advance multidisciplinary research such as chemical engineering, materials science and engineering, and biomedical engineering.
  • 422
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
MiRNA-146a
miRNA-146a, a single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecule, has emerged as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for numerous pathological conditions. Its primary function lies in regulating inflammatory processes, haemopoiesis, allergic responses, and other key aspects of the innate immune system.
  • 171
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Secondary Metabolism's Main Biosynthetic Pathways in Solid-State Fermentation
Microbial secondary metabolites are low-molecular-weight compounds synthesized by microorganisms after the growth phase. Secondary metabolites are not directly involved in microbial growth. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a process whereby microorganisms grow in the absence of free water or with low water content. It has been used since ancient times to obtain fermented foods such as koji, bread, and cheeses.
  • 418
  • 13 Oct 2023
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