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Topic Review
Milk Yield and Negative Energy Balance for Cows
Dairy cows have been primarily selected during the last century for higher milk production with no attention being paid to other traits such as a sufficient dry matter intake for the augmented milk requirement. The delay between the rapid increase in milk yield and dry matter intake causes a gap called the negative energy balance. A growing body of evidence suggests that this gap increases with any enhancement in milk production. The missing energy (and protein) is covered by the mobilization of non-esterified fatty acids from subcutaneous and abdominal fat stores and to a small extent by the release of amino acids from muscle. Unfortunately, the mobilization of non-esterified fatty acids is greater than the metabolic capacity of the cow, leading to an increase in this metabolite in the blood. The surplus being ectopically deposited in muscle and in the liver, the uptake overwhelms the metabolic capability of the liver, resulting in the production and release of β-hydroxybutyric acid and the resynthesis of non-esterified fatty acids to triglycerides. The limited export of triglycerides causes an accumulation of these compounds, with the consequence of fatty liver or lipidosis, which clearly causes subclinical and clinical ketosis.
  • 277
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Triggers of Retinal Regeneration in Amphibians
Understanding the mechanisms triggering the initiation of retinal regeneration in amphibians may advance the quest for prevention and treatment options for degenerating human retina diseases. Natural retinal regeneration in amphibians requires two cell sources, namely retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and ciliary marginal zone. The disruption of RPE interaction with photoreceptors through surgery or injury triggers local and systemic responses for retinal protection. In mammals, disease-induced damage to the retina results in the shutdown of the function, cellular or oxidative stress, pronounced immune response, cell death and retinal degeneration. In contrast to retinal pathology in mammals, regenerative responses in amphibians have taxon-specific features ensuring efficient regeneration. These include rapid hemostasis, the recruitment of cells and factors of endogenous defense systems, activities of the immature immune system, high cell viability, and the efficiency of the extracellular matrix, cytoskeleton, and cell surface remodeling. These reactions are controlled by specific signaling pathways, transcription factors, and the epigenome, which are insufficiently studied. 
  • 260
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Nitric Oxide Production in Plants
The whole variety of biochemical reactions, in which the nitric oxide (NO) molecule is produced, proceeds in plants by two major alternative mechanisms: (1) the oxidative or arginine-dependent and (2) the reductive or nitrite-dependent pathways, and both of them are characterized by a complex nature.
  • 228
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Phlorotannins
Phlorotannins represent an important group of phenolic compounds, exclusively occurring in brown algae that can form simple structures of 126 Da to very large and complex polymers. Although the biosynthetic pathway of these compounds is still not consensual, it is known that they are formed via C–C and/or C–O–C oxidative coupling of several monomeric units of phloroglucinol, which in turn is known to be biosynthesized through the acetate–malonate pathway. According to the type of linkage formed between these units and the number of hydroxyl groups, phlorotannins can be classified in four sub-classes, namely phlorethols and fuhalols (ether linkages), fucols (aryl-aryl linkages), fucophlorethols (aryl-aryl and ether linkages), and eckols and carmalols (dibenzodoxine linkage).
  • 2.2K
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Pancreatic Cancer-Secreted Proteins in Tumor Microenvironment
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a ravaging disease with a poor prognosis, requiring a more detailed understanding of its biology to foster the development of effective therapies. The unsatisfactory results of treatments targeting cell proliferation and its related mechanisms suggest a shift in focus towards the tumor microenvironment (TME). The role of cancer-secreted proteins in the complex TME tumor-stroma crosstalk, shedding lights on druggable molecular targets for the development of innovative, safer and more efficient therapeutic strategies is discussed here.
  • 285
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Mechanistic Action of Metallic Nanoparticles against Bacteria
The misuse of antibiotics and antimycotics accelerates the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, prompting the need for novel strategies to combat this global issue. Metallic nanoparticles have emerged as effective tools for combating various resistant microbes. Numerous studies have highlighted their potential in addressing antibiotic-resistant fungi and bacterial strains. Understanding the mechanisms of action of these nanoparticles, including iron-oxide, gold, zinc oxide, and silver is a central focus of research within the life science community. Various hypotheses have been proposed regarding how nanoparticles exert their effects. Some suggest direct targeting of microbial cell membranes, while others emphasize the release of ions from nanoparticles. The most compelling proposed antimicrobial mechanism of nanoparticles involves oxidative damage caused by nanoparticles-generated reactive oxygen species. 
  • 320
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Exploring Large MAF Transcription Factors
Large musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma (MAF) transcription factors contain acidic, basic, and leucine zipper regions. Four types of MAF have been elucidated in mice and humans, namely c-MAF, MAFA, MAFB, and NRL.
  • 224
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Trichoderma hamatum
Trichoderma hamatum (Bonord.) Bainier (T. hamatum) belongs to Hypocreaceae family, Trichoderma genus. Trichoderma spp. are prominently known for their biocontrol activities and plant growth promotion. Hence, T. hamatum also possess several beneficial activities, such as antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, insecticidal activity, herbicidal activity, and plant growth promotion; in addition, it holds several other beneficial properties, such as resistance to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and degradation of DDT by certain enzymes and production of certain polysaccharide-degrading enzymes.
  • 530
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Nature and Cultural Aspects of Astaxanthin
Astaxanthin (AX), a lipid-soluble pigment belonging to the xanthophyll carotenoids family, has recently garnered significant attention due to its unique physical properties, biochemical attributes, and physiological effects.
  • 464
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Its Treatment
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, commonly abbreviated to NAFLD, is a pervasive ailment within the digestive system, exhibiting a rising prevalence, and impacting individuals at increasingly younger ages. Studies have shown that synbiotics, which regulate intestinal microecology, can positively impact glucolipid metabolism, and improve NAFLD-related indicators. Sonchus brachyotus DC., a Chinese herb, exhibits hepatoprotective and potent antioxidant properties, suggesting its potential therapeutic use in NAFLD. Our preclinical animal model investigation suggests that the synergy between Sonchus brachyotus DC. extracts and synbiotics is significantly more effective in preventing and treating NAFLD, compared to the isolated use of either component. As a result, this combination holds the potential to introduce a fresh and encouraging therapeutic approach to addressing NAFLD.
  • 222
  • 13 Oct 2023
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