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Lodi, R.S.; Peng, C.; Dong, X.; Deng, P.; Peng, L. Trichoderma hamatum. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/50244 (accessed on 02 July 2024).
Lodi RS, Peng C, Dong X, Deng P, Peng L. Trichoderma hamatum. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/50244. Accessed July 02, 2024.
Lodi, Rathna Silviya, Chune Peng, Xiaodan Dong, Peng Deng, Lizeng Peng. "Trichoderma hamatum" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/50244 (accessed July 02, 2024).
Lodi, R.S., Peng, C., Dong, X., Deng, P., & Peng, L. (2023, October 13). Trichoderma hamatum. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/50244
Lodi, Rathna Silviya, et al. "Trichoderma hamatum." Encyclopedia. Web. 13 October, 2023.
Trichoderma hamatum
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/jof9100994

Trichoderma hamatum (Bonord.) Bainier (T. hamatum) belongs to Hypocreaceae family, Trichoderma genus. Trichoderma spp. are prominently known for their biocontrol activities and plant growth promotion. Hence, T. hamatum also possess several beneficial activities, such as antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, insecticidal activity, herbicidal activity, and plant growth promotion; in addition, it holds several other beneficial properties, such as resistance to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and degradation of DDT by certain enzymes and production of certain polysaccharide-degrading enzymes.

Trichoderma hamatum (Bonord.) Bainier

1. Introduction

Trichoderma is a genus of the Hypocreaceae fungal family in which the sexual (telomorphic) stage is referred to as the Hypocrea genus and the asexual (anamorphic or mitosporic) stage is referred to as the Trichoderma genus [1][2][3]. There are more than 400 species in the Trichoderma genus. Some of the prominently distributed species complexes are Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, sensu lato (THSC) (Trichoderma harzianum species complex), Trichoderma inhamatum Veerkamp and W. Gams, T. virens (J.H. Miller, Giddens, and A.A. Foster), Arx, Trichoderma spirale Bissett, Trichoderma koningii Oudem, Trichoderma atroviride Bissett, Trichoderma hamatum (Bonord.) Bainier, Trichoderma reesei E.G. Simmons, Trichoderma viride Pers., Trichoderma ghanense Yoshim. Doi, Y. Abe and Sugiyama, Trichoderma brevicompactum G. F. Kraus, C.P. Kubicek and W. Gams, Trichoderma crassum Bissett, Trichoderma erinaceum Bissett, C.P. Kubicek and Szakcs, Trichoderma gamsii Samuels and Druzhinina, Trichoderma rossicum Bissett, C.P. Kubicek and Szakacs, Trichoderma tomentosum Bissett, Trichoderma koningiopsis Samuels, C. Suarez and H.C. Evans, Trichoderma asperellum Samules, Lieckfeldt and Nirenberg, and Trichoderma viridenscens (A.S. Horn and H.S. Williamson), Jaklitsch and Samuels [4][5]. As the microbial taxonomy rapidly expands, there is a need for fast identification using the available data. Hence, Trichoderma spp. has been identified through online by a multilocus identification system (MIST) [6]. Through this method, nearly 349 Trichoderma spp. were identified based on the DNA barcodes. Specifically, 44 species of Trichoderma were identified based on two genes: RNA polymerase subunit 2 (rpb2) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) [6]. Hence, it is suggested that MIST could be proposed as an appropriate method for obtaining automated species identification through publicly available data [6]. Trichoderma spp. diversity distribution has been analyzed in forestry, grasslands, wetlands, and agricultural ecosystems in China. Fifty species have been isolated and identified, among which THSC is the most prominently distributed species. Additionally, there are several other species, including Hypocrea semiorbis, T. epimyces, Jaklitsch, T. konilangbra, Samuels, Petrini, and C.P. Kubicek, T. piluliferum, J. Webster and Rifai, T. pleuroti, S.H. Yu and M.S. Park, T. pubescens, Bissett, T. strictipilie, Bissett, T. hunua (Dingley), Jaklitsch and Voglmayr, and T. oblongisporum, Bissett. The distribution of these species has been well established in northeastern China in Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, and very few distributions have been observed in Qinghai Province [7]. Studies on Trichoderma diversity in aquatic plants and in the soil of Southwest China revealed 23 new Trichoderma spp., found by Z. F. Yu, Y. F. Lv, and X. Du: Trichoderma achlamydosporum, Trichoderma amoeum, Trichoderma anaharzianum, Trichoderma anisohamatum, Trichoderma aquatica, Trichoderma asiaticum, Trichoderma asymmetricum, Trichoderma inaequilaterale, Trichoderma inconspicuum, Trichoderma insigne, Trichoderma obovatum, Trichoderma paraviride, Trichoderma pluripenicillatum, Trichoderma propepolypori, Trichoderma pseudoasiatium, Trichoderma pseudoasperelloides, Trichoderma scorpioideum, Trichoderma simile, Trichoderma subazureum, Trichoderma subuliforme, Trichoderma supraverticillatum, Trichoderma tibetica, and Trichoderma unicinatum. Further studies on these species would be beneficial [8].
The biological control of plant pathogens by potential endophytes is increasing. These include Trichoderma spp., and they are available in diverse habitats and possess various interactions with other organisms [9]. For example, recent studies on Codonopsis pilosula, a Franch Chinese medicinal plant root, shows that endophytes possess antimicrobial activity against human pathogens [10]. Trichoderma spp. is highly available in all types of soils, and most of these species are avirulent and opportunistic fungi [11]. Trichoderma spp. interacts with other microorganisms, arthropods, and plants in the rhizosphere, causing multi-trophic, interactive networks [12]. Trichoderma spp. penetrates into the root systems of plants, survives in the tissues, and is distributed in the aboveground plant parts [9]. Most of these fungi are potential endophytes of several plants and protect plants from various plant pathogens [13].Trichoderma spp. directly or indirectly act upon the phytopathogens through several complex mechanisms, such as mycoparasitism, degradation of the pathogen cell wall, competition for nutrients and space, and by inducing resistance in host plants against phytopathogens [14]. Trichoderma spp. can be considered as a potential alternative fungicide, reducing the need for synthetic fungicides [15]. However, Trichoderma spp., such as T. longibrachiatum, T. viride, THSC, T. hamatum, T. atroviride, and T. koningii, have been reported to exhibit nematicidal activity [5][16]. Trichoderma spp. were considered as the treasure house of several medically important secondary metabolites [17]. Trichoderma spp. produces peculiar secondary metabolites, such as peptaibols, which cause pores to emerge in bilayer lipid membranes and, hence, exhibit antimicrobial activity [18]. Trichoderma spp. live around and within plants and cause significant alterations in metabolism and changes in certain elements, such as water content, transpiration, and photosynthetic rate; moreover, their presence alters hormone, phenolic compound, amino acid, and soluble sugar contents [19][20]. Trichoderma spp. produces several secondary metabolites, a few of which possess significant beneficial effects, including epipoly-thiodioxopiperazines, xylanases, peptaibols, pyrones, polyketides, volatile and nonvolatile terpenes, cerato-plantanins, and siderophores, which are released into the rhizosphere. This leads to enhanced plant growth, stimulating an increase in systemic resistance in plants, and hence surpassing plant pathogens in biocontrol activity [21][22][23]. However, among secondary metabolites, terpenoids possess prominent pharmacological activity with structural diversity; in total, 253 terpenoids have been identified among Trichoderma spp. from 1948 to 2022 [24]. Trichoderma spp. presented a stable and higher growth rate in soils that were weakly alkaline. Trichoderma spp. evinced higher diversity in connection with higher potassium and phosphorous, which indicates that these are prominent edaphic factors for the higher diversity of Trichoderma spp. [25]. Trichoderma spp. possess biocontrol activity by producing certain antibiotics and hydrolytic enzymes, such as chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, that facilitate cell wall degeneration and hence cause the death of pathogenic microorganisms [26][27][28]. Trichoderma spp. is an efficient fungal species with various benefits and is most prominently researched for its efficacy as a biological fungicide, and it can be used as a potential biocontrol strains [29]. There are several myths and dogmas over biocontrol changes with respect to Trichoderma spp. because the biocontrol efficacy depends on several genes and their specificity, hence there is a need to investigate and produce broad-spectrum bioactive agents that are economically friendly and which would be beneficiary to users and buyers [30], whereas Trichoderma spp. interacts with Arabidopsis plant through root sensing. Rhizosphere acidification by Trichoderma spp. triggers root developmental response to auxins, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other bioactive molecules; hence, it leads to crop improvement by primary root growth and lateral root formation [31].
Moreover, Trichoderma spp. are potential decomposers and are significant secondary biofuel producers from cellulosic waste [32][33]. Moreover, Trichoderma spp. has been accommodated in the “attine ant environment” as a mutualistic fungal partner. Approximately 20 different Trichoderma spp. have been isolated from this environment [34]. However, T. hamatum had a positive association with Tricholoma matsutake (S.Ito and Imai) Singer (pine mushroom) in fairy rings and had higher enzyme activity. This association was due to the degradation of wood litter by these enzymes and provides a carbon source to Tricholoma matsutake [35]. The new Trichoderma sp. Trichoderma songyi (M.S. Park, S.-Y.Oh, and Y.W. Lim) was isolated from pine mushrooms, but its interaction with Tricholoma matsutake needs to be studied [36].
Trichoderma spp. possesses tolerance toward heavy metals such as nickel and cadmium [37]. Trichoderma spp. are also used in the production of myco-nanoparticles that can be used as nanofertilizers, nanofungicides, plant growth stimulators, and nanocoatings [38]. Traditional nanoparticle synthesis is expensive and causes the release of hazardous chemicals into the environment [39]. Hence, microbial nanotechnology produces hazard-free nanoparticles that are environmentally friendly.
However, THSC infects Diaforobiotus tardigrades, other eutardigrade in the genus Milnesium, and heterotardigrades in the genus Viridiscus [40]. However, apart from the benefits, a detrimental role of Trichoderma spp. was found against edible mushrooms in causing green mold disease, although treatment with antifungal agents such as prochloraz and metrafenone reduced green mold disease on edible mushrooms [41], whereas Trichoderma spp. T. atroviride, T. viride, T. koningiopsis, and T. hamatum cause adverse effects for moss plants, i.e., Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.), Bruch and Schimp, by damaging the protonema, stem, and leaves [42].

2. Trichoderma hamatum

T. hamatum is the fungal species belongs to Hypocreaceae family; its binomial name is Trichoderma hamatum (Bonord.), Bainier, 1906. It is a saprophytic fungi and is commonly found in humus, litter, soil, and plant rhizosphere [43]. Morphology of T. hamatum: the stroma surface is yellowish-brown or dull orange; the entostroma is white–light brownish; the spores are white. The culture of T. hamatum on Castenholz medium D (CMD) and synthetic nutrient pore agar (SNA) lacks pigmentation and odor, and it diffuses on the medium in concentric zones. After 4–5 days of incubation, growth is plentiful, nearly globose, with compact pustules which are 0.4–2 mm diameter. The aggregation turns pale green and the arising pustules are 11 µm wide with 5–6 µm wide branches and 6–7 µm thickness. The conidiophores radiate from the reticulum; the pachybasium at the base is 50–200 µm long and 2–4 µm wide. These are persistent, smooth, thin-walled, straight sinuous, or helically twisted, with slightly pointed elongations. Conidia are 4.0–4.7 × 2.7–30 µm in an oblong shape or they are ellipsoid with parallel sides; these are green, smooth, and have indistinct scars. The asexual morphology is typically of the pachybasium type of conidiophores, as identified by broad branches with ampulliform phialides and frequent occurrence of well-differentiated sterile or fertile elongations of conidiophores, whereas the sexual morphology is similar to other Trichoderma spp. The above morphological description of T. hamatum is based on previous studies [44][45][46][47][48].

3. T. hamatum and Its Biocontrol Activities

3.1. Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity

T. hamatum is an endophytic fungus that possesses biological control abilities against several plant pathogens. Bacterial leaf spot of radish, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae McCulloch, Dye, was suppressed when the plants were grown in the sphagnum peat mix that possessed strain T382. Strain T382 induces systemic resistance in the growth of pathogenic bacteria; hence, the disease is controlled [49]. The biocontrol activity of strain T382 has been consistently demonstrated in tomato plants by its significant action against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria Jones, emnd, Constantin 110c, which causes bacterial spot of tomato. Strain T382 induces resistance in tomato plants by modulating gene expression in tomato leaves. The expressed genes were responsible for functions such as biotic and abiotic stress responses and RNA, DNA, and protein metabolism. Hence, due to these gene modifications, systemic resistance was attained in the plants; thus, suppression of disease occurred [50]. T. hamatum SU136 culture filtrate, when exposed to different concentrations of gold chloride (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mM), formed stable AuNPs; among them, the smallest AuNPs were obtained with 0.5 mM gold chloride. These AuNPs possess antimicrobial activity against four bacterial pathogens: Bacillus subtilis ACCB 133, Staphylococcus aureus ACCB 136, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ACCB 156, and Serratia sp. ACCB178 [51]. T. hamatum FB10 exhibits antibacterial activity against Acidovorax avenae Schaad et al. and X. campestris, and antifungal activity against S. sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria radicina Meier, Drechsler and E.D. Eddy, Alternaria citri, Ellis and N. Pierce, and Alternaria dauci (J.G. Kuhn), J.W. Groves and Skolko, by producing volatile secondary metabolites [52]. Moreover, T. hamatum evinced antibacterial activity against bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum in Solanum lycopersicum L. (tomato) plants. This was represented by analyzing crop mortality rate, incidence, and the area under the disease progression curve [53]. However, the growth inhibition of various bacteria and phytoplanktons were caused by cyclonerane sesquiterpens, such as 5-hydroxyl epicyclonerodiol oxide and 4-hydroxyl epicyclonerodiol oxide, and one naturally occurring halogenated trichothecane derivative, known as trichodermol chlorohydrin, isolated from T. hamatum Z36-7, that was obtained from marine red alga Grateloupia sp. [54].
T. hamatum antagonistic fungi follow several mechanisms, such as mycoparasitism, antibiosis, and competition. Damping-off of radish seedlings by Rhizoctonia solani, J.G. Kuhn, was controlled by using potting mix that contained Chryseobacterium gleum (Holmes et al.) Vandamme et al. (C299R2) and T. hamatum (T382) as the biocontrol agents with pine bark mix. However, in other potting mixes, i.e., light and dark peat mixes, the strain C299R2 number significantly decreased compared to strain T382. Hence, the strain T382 population contributed to the control of Rhizoctonia crown and root rot in poinsettia [55]. Mycoparasitic interactions were studied between the biocontrol agent T. hamatum and the phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.), de Bary. These studies revealed that 19 novel genes of T. hamatum presented increased expression during mycoparasitism compared to the control. The proteins produced by these genes included three monooxygenases, a metalloendopeptidase, and a glucose dehydrogenase, which are responsible for antifungal activity [56]. T. hamatum exhibits antagonistic activity against plant pathogens such as S. sclerotiorum, Sclerotinia minor, and Sclerotium cepivorum. T. hamatum expresses monooxygenase genes in response to these plant pathogens, and disruption of monooxygenase-expressing genes does not affect T. hamatum growth, but antagonistic activity is inhibited [57]. However, T. hamatum GD12 can perform both biocontrol activity against S. sclerotiorum and lettuce plant growth promotion activity at the same time. This biphasic response was analyzed by identifying significantly expressed genes involved in secreting cysteine-rich proteins and secondary metabolites [58]. Moreover, strain GD12 promotes growth in the model dicot Arabidopsis thaliana (L.), Heynh, and enhances foliar resistance against the pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, B.C. Couch, which infects monocot rice. Strain GD12 possesses unique genome sequences compared to other Trichoderma genomes, which indicates that starin GD12 possesses the potential to encode various novel bioactive compounds. Further analysis of these bioactive compounds would definitely benefit agriculture, if it were possible to enable strain GD12 utilization as a biocontrol agent [59].
Moreover, T. hamatum and T. koningiopsis isolated from Asarum rhizosphere evinced antifungal activity against Sclerotinia asari Y.Wu and C.R. Wang. Further, it is proved that non-volatile compounds, such as Abamectin, Eplerenone, Bhenic acid, Josamycin, Erythromycin, Methyleugenol, and Minocycline, evinced significant antifungal activity. Hence, T. koningiopsis and T. hamatum suggested as biocontrol agents for the treatment of Asarum sclerotiorum [60]. However, Trichoderma spp. also possesses a disadvantage: the antagonistic property of Trichoderma spp. affects not only plant pathogens but also plant-beneficial fungi such as the mycorrhiza-forming species Laccaria bicolor (Maire), P.D. Orton, which is a common ectomycorrhizal fungus. T. hamatum exhibits antagonistic properties against plant-beneficial fungi by releasing a range of (VOCs) [61]. Root rot caused by fungal pathogens such as Fusarium proliferatum (Matsush.), Nirenberg ex Gerlach and Nirenberg, Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., and Fusarium oxysporum, Schlecht. Emend., Snydere, and Hansen, in Aconitum carmichaelii, Debeaux, was controlled by the antagonistic activity of T. asperellum, T. hamatum, and Trichoderma virens, J.H. Miller, Giddens, and A.A. Foster. The volatile secondary metabolites produced by these Trichoderma spp. possess antifungal activity and hence control root rot disease [62]. The endophytic fungus T. hamatum C9 of Macadamia integrifolia, Maiden and Betche, revealed antifungal activity against the pathogenic fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.), Griffon and Maubl. Its antifungal activity has been proven both in vitro and in vivo [63]. T. hamatum was also represented as an interplant communicator; in vivo analysis of the plant A. thaliana proved the communication effect of T. hamatum. When an A. thaliana leaf was infected by S. sclerotiorum and X. campestris, the jasmonic acid (JA) levels increased in the leaf, which initiated an increase in salicylic acid (SA) levels in the roots; hence, T. hamatum colonization was reduced in the plant root. However, in leaf-infected plants, T. hamatum communicates from the root of the infected plant to other nearby plants and stimulates an increase in SA in their roots, whereas this increase in SA stimulates an increase in JA levels in the leaves of the nearby plants. Thus, T. hamatum naturally increases the plant systemic defense mechanism. Through this mechanism, immunity against foliar infecting pathogens is attained [64].
However, downy mildew disease in pearl millet caused by Sclerospora graminicola sacc., J. Schrot, has been suppressed by its endophytic fungus T. hamatum UoM13. In vitro studies revealed that pearl millet seeds treated with T. hamatum UoM13 exhibited significantly increased activity of defense enzymes such as glucanase, peroxidase, phenylalanine, ammonia-lyase, and polyphenol oxidase. Moreover, enhanced expression of endogenous salicylic acid led to systemic immunity in plants through the salicylic acid synthetic pathway [65]. On the other hand, when cucumber transplants were grown in compost-amended potting mix inoculated with strain T382, the growth of Phytophthora capsica, Leonian, which causes Phytophthora root and crown rot, was also suppressed. Strain T382 significantly suppressed Phytophthora leaf blight, similar to benzothiadiazole or mefenoxam [66]. T. hamatum K01 evinced antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc., causing anthracnose of citrus by producing certain secondary metabolites, such as pyrone, organic compounds, fatty acids, and sorbicillin [67].

3.2. Antiviral Activity

T. hamatum Th23 endophytes of S. lycopersicum (tomato) roots possess antiviral activity against tomato mosaic virus (TMV). Soil pretreatment with T. hamatum Th23 before TMV inoculation evinced a reduction in TMV accumulation in the plant. T. hamatum Th23 significantly increased the activity of protective scavenging enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO), heme-containing catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and simultaneously decreased the levels of nonenzymatic stress markers such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Moreover, systemic resistance was enhanced in plants treated with T. hamatum Th23 through increases in the transcription of polyphenol genes such as hydroxycinnamoyl CoA quinate transferase (HQT) and chalcone synthase (CHS) and pathogen-related genes such as pathogen-related proteins 1 and 7 (PR-1 and PR-7). T. hamatum Th23 also induced tomato plant growth by increasing shoot and root parameters and chlorophyll content in the plant [68].

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Subjects: Microbiology
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Rathna Silviya Lodi
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Chune Peng
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Xiaodan Dong
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Peng Deng
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Lizeng Peng
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Update Date: 13 Oct 2023
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