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Topic Review
Rosmarinic Acid in Diabetes Mellitus and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in various plants. It belongs to the class of compounds known as phenolic acids, and is a derivative of caffeic acid and related to other bioactive compounds such as flavonoids. Polyphenolic compounds are highly effective against numerous diseases, such as peptic ulcers, carcinogenesis, ischaemic heart disease, tumour cell proliferation, hyperglycaemia, atherosclerosis, apoptosis, etc. Polyphenols demonstrate potent capabilities as anti-inflammatory, antiallergy, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer agents. RA is a functional component of numerous medicinal plants. Various studies have demonstrated a wide range of biological activities associated with RA.
  • 283
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Flea Families
With around 10 new species described annually, extant flea fauna comprises an estimated 249 genera, 2215 species, and 714 subspecies globally, mostly mammal parasites, but 5% of species are on birds.
  • 360
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Types of Cellular Stress
With the start of the fermentation process, different stressful factors appear in the environment that directly affect the yeasts. Among them are osmotic, oxidative, and ethanol stresses, nitrogen starvation, low external pH, heat shock, prolonged anaerobiosis or the appearance of toxic molecules. As a shield against them, microorganisms have created defense responses specific to each type of stress, as well as a general environmental stress response (ESR).
  • 256
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Oleanolic Acid as Modulators of Metabolic Nuclear Receptors
Nuclear receptors (NRs) constitute a superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors with a paramount role in ubiquitous physiological functions such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Owing to their physiological role and druggability, NRs are deemed attractive and valid targets for medicinal chemists. Pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) represent one of the most important phytochemical classes present in higher plants, where oleanolic acid (OA) is the most studied PTs representative owing to its multitude of biological activities against cancer, inflammation, diabetes, and liver injury.
  • 344
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles from Human Perinatal Stem Cells
The potential of perinatal tissues to provide cellular populations to be used in different applications of regenerative medicine is well established. Efforts of researchers are being addressed regarding the evaluation of cell products (secreted molecules or extracellular vesicles, EVs) to be used as an alternative to cellular infusion. The data regarding the effective recapitulation of most perinatal cells’ properties by their secreted complement point in this direction. EVs secreted from perinatal cells exhibit key therapeutic effects such as tissue repair and regeneration, the suppression of inflammatory responses, immune system modulation, and a variety of other functions. 
  • 311
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Cholinergic Mechanisms of Organophosphate Toxicity
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) have applications in agriculture (e.g., pesticides), industry (e.g., flame retardants), and chemical warfare (nerve agents). The main target of OPs is AChE, the enzyme that breaks down ACh into acetic acid and choline, terminating synaptic signal transmission mediated by ACh in neuromuscular junctions, in the autonomic (mainly parasympathetic) nervous system, and in the brain. The OP binds to and phosphorylates a nucleophilic serine at the catalytic site of the enzyme, thus preventing the hydrolysis of ACh and resulting in excessive elevation of ACh in cholinergic synapses. Insects, whose central nervous system utilizes ACh as the major excitatory neurotransmitter, are killed instantly by OPs, primarily due to hyperstimulation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, which are the most abundant in their central nervous system.
  • 226
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins in Senescence and Kidney Fibrosis
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition of kidney dysfunction due to diverse causes of injury. In healthy kidneys, protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) are cleared from the systemic circulation by proximal tubule cells through the concerted action of plasma membrane transporters that facilitate their urinary excretion, but the endogenous metabolites are hardly removed with kidney dysfunction and may contribute to CKD progression. Accumulating evidence suggests that senescence of kidney tubule cells influences kidney fibrosis, the common endpoint for CKD with an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Senescence is a special state of cells characterized by permanent cell cycle arrest and limitation of proliferation, which promotes fibrosis by releasing senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors. The accumulation of PBUTs in CKD causes oxidative stress and increases the production of inflammatory (SASP) factors that could trigger fibrosis. Studies gave some clues that PBUTs may also promote senescence in kidney tubular cells. 
  • 220
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Resistome, Mobilome and Nichome
There are three concepts linked to the growing resistance to antibiotics, namely (i) the Resistome, which refers to the collection of bacterial genes that confer resistance to antibiotics, (ii) the Mobilome, which includes all the mobile genetic elements that participate in the spreading of antibiotic resistance among bacteria by horizontal gene transfer processes, and (iii) the Nichome, which refers to the set of genes that are expressed when bacteria try to colonize new niches. 
  • 574
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Multifaceted Mechanisms of Bud Outgrowth
Shoot branching is a complex and tightly regulated developmental process that is essential for determining plant architecture and crop yields. The outgrowth of tiller buds is a crucial step in shoot branching, and it is influenced by a variety of internal and external cues. 
  • 220
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Nano-Enabled Weed Management Using Poly(Epsilon-Caprolactone)-Based Nanoherbicides
The number of effective herbicides available to farmers is steadily decreasing due to increasing herbicide resistance. It seems very important to address and effectively deal with the main weed management challenges (low crop yield and environmental pollution) by investigating the potential of newly introduced materials, such as biocompatible polymer-based nanoparticles. It has been indicated that some polymeric nanocarriers can penetrate biological barriers, including membranes and plant cell walls, and translocate across vascular tissues, resulting in a more efficient delivery of active ingredients. Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) is a biocompatible material that is easily decomposable by enzymes and fungi. Poly ε-caprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles could be applied as nanocarriers of herbicides in agriculture due to their low toxicity, their potential for large-scale synthesis from inexpensive materials, their ability to dissolve herbicides, their high loading capacity, and their ability to help minimize the chemical decomposition of herbicides.
  • 277
  • 24 Oct 2023
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