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Topic Review
Manatees
Sirenians are aquatic mammals that include three species of manatee (Trichechidae) and one species of dugong (Dugongidae). They are aquatic herbivorous mammals living in estuaries, swamps, rivers, marine wetlands, and coastal waters. 
  • 315
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Health Benefits of Mushroom Dietary Fiber
Mushroom dietary fiber is a type of bioactive macromolecule derived from the mycelia, fruiting bodies, or sclerotia of edible or medicinal fungi. The use of mushroom dietary fiber as a prebiotic has recently gained significant attention for providing health benefits to the host by promoting the growth of beneficial microorganisms; therefore, mushroom dietary fiber has promising prospects for application in the functional food industry and in drug development. The gut microbiota, as the core microecological system in the human intestinal tract, helps maintain the normal physiological function of the human body by preventing the invasion of various viral antigens. Dietary fibers (DFs) are fermented by intestinal microorganisms to yield short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which can improve host health and have many beneficial effects in the human body.
  • 294
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Dental Follicle Cells Driving Osteogenic Differentiation
When research on osteogenic differentiation in dental follicle cells (DFCs) began, projects focused on bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. The BMP pathway induces the transcription factor DLX3, whichh in turn induces the BMP signaling pathway via a positive feedback mechanism. However, this BMP2/DLX3 signaling pathway only seems to support the early phase of osteogenic differentiation, since simultaneous induction of BMP2 or DLX3 does not further promote differentiation. Data showed that inhibition of classical protein kinase C (PKCs) supports the mineralization of DFCs and that osteogenic differentiation is sensitive to changes in signaling pathways, such as protein kinase B (PKB), also known as AKT. Small changes in the lipidome seem to confirm the participation of AKT and PKC in osteogenic differentiation. 
  • 287
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
cAMP-Response Element Modulator in Spermatogenesis and Male Fertility
Spermatogenesis is a very complex process with an intricate transcriptional regulation. The transition from the diploid to the haploid state requires the involvement of specialized genes in meiosis, among other specific functions for the formation of the spermatozoon. The transcription factor cAMP-response element modulator (CREM) is a key modulator that triggers the differentiation of the germ cell into the spermatozoon through the modification of gene expression. CREM has multiple repressor and activator isoforms whose expression is tissue-cell-type specific and tightly regulated by various factors at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational level. The activator isoform CREMτ controls the expression of several relevant genes in post-meiotic stages of spermatogenesis. In addition, exposure to xenobiotics negatively affects CREMτ expression, which is linked to male infertility. On the other hand, antioxidants could have a positive effect on CREMτ expression and improve sperm parameters in idiopathically infertile men.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence at the Service of Protein Structure
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field of computer science that aims to create intelligent machines that are capable of performing tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. AI systems can be designed to carry out a wide range of tasks, including simple ones like recognizing patterns or sorting data, as well as more complex tasks like language translation. Numerous industries, including healthcare, science, banking, transportation, and entertainment, have used AI in a variety of procedures. By automating processes, increasing productivity, and opening up new possibilities, AI has the ability to completely transform many facets of our life. The responsible and beneficial usage of AI technology, however, depends on a number of crucial elements, including ethical concerns, transparency, and responsible development.
  • 174
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Astrocytes as Glutamate Producers and Targets in ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons (MNs) in the motor cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. ALS involves different cell types, such as neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. Since all these cells express the same mutated genes in patients, ALS can arise from a combination of damaged MNs and their glial partners rather than only from the neuronal lineage. Many studies highlighted the solid non-neuronal signature in ALS and suggested astrocytes and microglia as critical players in disease progression rather than disease onset. Conversely, data support an alteration of oligodendrocyte function at the disease pre-symptomatic and early symptomatic stages.
  • 260
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cholinergic Polarization of Human Macrophages
Macrophages serve as vital defenders, protecting the body by exhibiting remarkable cellular adaptability in response to invading pathogens and various stimuli. These cells express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, with the α7-nAChR being extensively studied due to its involvement in activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Activation of this pathway plays a crucial role in suppressing macrophages’ production of proinflammatory cytokines, thus mitigating excessive inflammation and maintaining host homeostasis.
  • 268
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Biomass/Extracts Macroalgae for Animal Feeding Applications
The use of macroalgae or macroalgae extracts in animal feed has garnered significant attention due to the increasing demand for renewable and sustainable sources of animal protein, reducing the strain on land resources. Numerous studies have investigated the incorporation of fresh or dried macroalgae and its extracts in feeding animals, focusing on aquatic organisms. Macroalgae metabolites have been found to enhance growth, boost immunity, reduce microbial load, and improve meat quality. However, it is essential to note that macroalgae are primarily used as fortifiers in basal animal feed rather than as a whole feed source due to their essential amino acid content being considerably lower than that of traditional ingredients such as animal and soybean protein, fishmeal, and fish oil. The composition of macroalgae metabolites can vary depending on factors such as species, geographic location, season, external conditions (pH, water temperature, sunlight intensity), and nutrient concentration in the water. This variability provides ample opportunities to enhance feeding techniques by identifying ingredients with beneficial characteristics such as high nutritional profiles (amino acids, fatty acids, polysaccharides, vitamins, and minerals), digestibility, environmental and consumer safety, low production costs, year-round availability, and suitability as alternatives to fishmeal, animal protein, antibiotics, and immunostimulants.
  • 232
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nano-Management of Farming under Salinity Stress
Soil salinity is a serious global problem that threatens a high percentage of the global soils. Salinity stress can create ionic, oxidative, and osmotic stress, along with hormonal imbalances, in stressful plants. Application of nanomaterials for ameliorating salinity stress has gained great attention due to their high efficiency, eco-friendliness, and non-toxicity, especially biological nanomaterials. The application of nanomaterials (NMs) did not only support growing stressful plants under salinity stress but also increased the yield of crops, provided an economically feasible nutrient management approach, and was environmentally robust for sustainable crop productivity. Nano-management of salinity may involve applying traditional nano-amendments, biological nanomaterials, nano-enabled nutrients, nano-organic amendments, derived smart nanostructures, and nano-tolerant plant cultivars.
  • 340
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Applications of CRISPR Systems in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR-Cas) system has undergone substantial and transformative progress. CRISPR-Cas is widely applied in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic hosts, and its powerful gene editing efficiency has also facilitated the construction of microbial cell factories for the production of target compounds. Among various microbial host cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae stands out due to its uncomplicated structure and post-translational modification system.
  • 336
  • 01 Nov 2023
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