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Topic Review
Milk Production Performance in Periparturient Dairy Cattle
For dairy cattle to perform well throughout and following lactations, precise dietary control during the periparturient phase is crucial. The primary issues experienced by periparturient dairy cows include issues like decreased dry matter intake (DMI), a negative energy balance, higher levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and the ensuing inferior milk output. Dairy cattle have always been fed a diet high in crude protein (CP) to produce the most milk possible. Despite the vital function that dairy cows play in the conversion of dietary CP into milk, a sizeable percentage of nitrogen is inevitably expelled, which raises serious environmental concerns. To reduce nitrogen emissions and their production, lactating dairy cows must receive less CP supplementation. Supplementing dairy cattle with rumen-protected methionine (RPM) and choline (RPC) has proven to be a successful method for improving their ability to use nitrogen, regulate their metabolism, and produce milk. The detrimental effects of low dietary protein consumption on the milk yield, protein yield, and dry matter intake may be mitigated by these nutritional treatments. In metabolic activities like the synthesis of sulfur-containing amino acids and methylation reactions, RPM and RPC are crucial players. Methionine, a limiting amino acid, affects the production of milk protein and the success of lactation in general. According to the existing data in the literature, methionine supplementation has a favorable impact on the pathways that produce milk. Similarly, choline is essential for DNA methylation, cell membrane stability, and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, RPC supplementation during the transition phase improves dry matter intake, postpartum milk yield, and fat-corrected milk (FCM) production.
  • 146
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Ribosome and Ribosome Biogenesis
The ribosome represents a complex macromolecular structure composed of RNA and proteins, interacting through an intricate and interlinked network to sustain its fundamental ancient functionalities. The synthesis of ribosomes entails a sophisticated and energetically demanding process that induced cells during their evolution to select a range of stringent control mechanisms across diverse cellular signalling pathways. In actively dividing cells, there's a stimulation to generate new ribosomes to cope with heightened biosynthetic requirements. Nevertheless, when signals of cellular stress emerge or disruptions arise within the ribosome biogenesis process, there is a rapid cessation of rRNA transcription, leading to interruptions at various stages of ribosome assembly. The impairment of the accurate construction and function of ribosomes characterises a range of dysfunctions commonly identified as ribosomopathies.
  • 201
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Genetic Polymorphisms in Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is renowned as a leading cause of visual loss in working-age populations with its etiopathology influenced by the disturbance of biochemical metabolic pathways and genetic factors, including gene polymorphism. Metabolic pathways considered to have an impact on the development of the disease, as well as genes and polymorphisms that can affect the gene expression, modify the quantity and quality of the encoded product (protein), and significantly alter the metabolic pathway and its control, and thus cause changes in the functioning of metabolic pathways.
  • 180
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lipids and Lipoproteins in Pregnancy
Inflammation and oxidative stress are essential components in a myriad of pathogenic entities that lead to metabolic and chronic diseases. Moreover, inflammation in its different phases is necessary for the initiation and maintenance of a healthy pregnancy. Therefore, an equilibrium between a necessary/pathologic level of inflammation and oxidative stress during pregnancy is needed to avoid disease development. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are important for a healthy pregnancy and a good neonatal outcome. Their role in fetal development during challenging situations is vital for maintaining the equilibrium. 
  • 307
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cytotoxicity of Polyamine-Derived Aminoaldehydes and Acrolein
Polyamines participate in the processes of cell growth and development. The degradation branch of their metabolism involves amine oxidases. The oxidation of spermine, spermidine and putrescine releases hydrogen peroxide and the corresponding aminoaldehyde. Polyamine-derived aminoaldehydes have been found to be cytotoxic.
  • 169
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, chronic, autoimmune disease categorized by synovial inflammation due to the infiltration of T cells, B cells, neutrophils, and macrophages, destroying articular joints and bone architecture. RA is primarily associated with inflammation within synovial joints. All peripheral joints can be affected in RA, but the most affected are those of the hands, feet, and knees. Although RA’s etiology is still unknown, several factors contributing to RA have been identified. Among them are the susceptibility genes, disease-causing immune cells, and cytokine and signal transduction networks that promote inflammation.
  • 224
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Peptides from Photosynthetic Marine Organisms
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small peptides that may be promising candidates to replace antibiotics because they are the first line of defense in animals against a wide variety of pathogens and have no negative effects; they also show additional activities such as antioxidant or immunoregulatory functions, which makes them powerful alternatives for use in aquaculture. AMPs are highly available in natural sources and have already been used in the livestock farming and food industries.
  • 252
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Developing Genomic Resources for Crop Improvement
The emerging sequencing technologies target generating more data with fewer inputs and at lower costs. This has also translated to an increase in the number and type of corresponding applications in genomics besides enhanced computational capacities (both hardware and software). Alongside the evolving DNA sequencing landscape, bioinformatics research teams have also evolved to accommodate the increasingly demanding techniques used to combine and interpret data, leading to many researchers moving from the lab to the computer. 
  • 301
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
In Vitro Evidence for Management of Obesity Disease
The incidence of obesity has increased dramatically worldwide, reaching a dangerous pandemic spread. This condition has serious public health implications as it significantly increases the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, fatty liver, hypertension, heart attack, and stroke. The treatment of obesity is therefore the greatest health challenge of our time. Conventional therapeutic treatment of obesity is based on the use of various synthetic molecules belonging to the class of appetite suppressants, lipase inhibitors, hormones, metabolic regulators, and inhibitors of intestinal peptide receptors. The long-term use of these molecules is generally limited by various side effects and tolerance. 
  • 164
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Seagrass
ٍSeagrass is a type of aquatic plants that grow in a wide variety of marine habitats. Seagrasses are specifically adapted to thrive in shallow and transparent seawater environments to access ample sunlight for their photosynthetic processes. This unique botanical group plays a crucial ecological role in coastal ecosystems and is distinguishable from macroalgae due to its vascular plant characteristics and its capacity to form underwater meadows in coastal waters.
  • 317
  • 07 Nov 2023
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