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Topic Review
Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play critical roles in intercellular communication by transporting bioactive cargo to recipient cells. EVs have been implicated in a range of physiological and pathological processes, including tumor progression, metastasis, immune modulation, and drug resistance.
  • 248
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Link between Implant Failures and Titanium Allergy
Cases of probable titanium allergy included those with true titanium allergies and those with a potentially different cause. However, the differentiation of these cases is difficult. Since no definitive method has been established for diagnosing titanium allergy, a comprehensive diagnosis based on the clinical course and clinical examination using a patch test/lymphocyte transformation test (LTT)/memory lymphocyte immunostimulation assay (MELISA) is necessary. Implant treatment should be performed with caution in patients with any preoperative allergies.
  • 360
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Features and Functions of Alternative Exon Splicing Events
Manipulation using alternative exon splicing (AES), alternative transcription start (ATS), and alternative polyadenylation (APA) sites are key to transcript diversity underlying health and disease. All three are pervasive in organisms, present in at least 50% of human protein-coding genes. These RNA variants have been shown to be highly specific, both in tissue type and stage, with demonstrated importance to cell proliferation, differentiation and the transition from fetal to adult cells. While alternative exon splicing has a limited effect on protein identity, its ubiquity highlights the importance of these minor alterations, which can alter other features such as localization.
  • 195
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Organic Pig Population in Greece
Information on the production, development and health status of organic pig farming in Greece and the potential prospects for sustainability and future development. Among the pig breeds reared on organic farms, the indigenous Greek Black Pig is the most common.
  • 203
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondrial-Derived Vesicles
Mitophagy is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial quality. The endosomal–lysosomal system is a more accessible pathway through which subtypes of extracellular vesicles, which also contain mitochondrial constituents, are released for disposal. The inclusion of mitochondrial components into extracellular vesicles occurs in the setting of mild mitochondrial damage and during impairment of lysosomal function. By releasing mitochondrial-derived vesicles, cells limit the unload of mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns with proinflammatory activity.
  • 469
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Functions of Astrocytes after a Brain Disease
Neurons and glia (astrocytes, radial glia, oligodendroglia, and microglia) are the neural cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Glial cells have different functions; microglia are the resident macrophages in the CNS, oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelin production, NG2-positive glia is consistent with an oligodendrocyte progenitor function, and astrocytes play an important role both in homeostasis and in diseases. 
  • 322
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Potato Late Blight Disease Caused by Phytophthora infestans
Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, 1876 is the oomycete responsible for potato late blight disease, generally recognized as the worst pathogen of potato. 
  • 260
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Single Molecule Dynamics Measurements Using Diffracted X-ray Tracking
In 1998, the diffracted X-ray tracking (DXT) method pioneered the attainment of molecular dynamics measurements within individual molecules. This breakthrough revolutionized the field by enabling unprecedented insights into the complex workings of molecular systems. Similar to the single-molecule fluorescence labeling technique used in the visible range, DXT uses a labeling method and a pink beam to closely track the diffraction pattern emitted from the labeled gold nanocrystals. Moreover, by utilizing X-rays with extremely short wavelengths, DXT has achieved unparalleled accuracy and sensitivity, exceeding initial expectations. As a result, this remarkable advance has facilitated the search for internal dynamics within many protein molecules. 
  • 174
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Ascorbic Acid Applications
Ascorbic acid (AA), or vitamin C, is one of the most important vitamins consumed through the diet due to its critical role in many biological processes. Although the human body cannot synthesize it, AA is essential in maintaining healthy bodily structure, acting as a cofactor of many enzymes involved in collagen synthesis and an efficient immune system. At the same time, AA is used in the cosmetic field for its antioxidant and antipigmentary properties, in the food industry as additive, and in chemical synthesis as reducing agent. AA can be chemically synthesized, produced by the oxidative fermentation of bacteria, or extracted from natural sources.
  • 440
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genome Editing on Abiotic Stress Tolerance
Plants are subjected to various environmental stresses that negatively impact growth and development and limit crop productivity. Therefore, in order to meet the requirements of the growing world population and food security, it is essential to develop cultivars resistant to abiotic stresses. In recent years, with the availability of genetic databases and the advancement in genome editing techniques, it is feasible to edit target genes with precision and create new opportunities for crop improvement that conventional breeding methods could not achieve. The genome-editing method using CRISPR-Cas systems is very powerful and confers exceptional versatility to develop improved cultivars at abiotic stresses. These efficient gene editing techniques facilitate the cultivation of superior-performing genotypes in challenging environmental conditions without compromising yield.
  • 427
  • 17 Nov 2023
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