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Topic Review
Tour of the Nuclear Pore Complex Architecture
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are the only transport channels that cross the nuclear envelope. Constructed from ~500–1000 nucleoporin proteins each, they are among the largest macromolecular assemblies in eukaryotic cells. Thanks to advances in structural analysis approaches, the construction principles and architecture of the NPC have recently been revealed at submolecular resolution. Although the overall structure and inventory of nucleoporins are conserved, NPCs exhibit significant compositional and functional plasticity even within single cells and surprising variability in their assembly pathways. Once assembled, NPCs remain seemingly unexchangeable in post-mitotic cells. 
  • 330
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was first established as a life-saving approach for nutritional support in infants in 1968. Originally, the solution contained only dextrose, amino acids, minerals, and vitamins, as there were no suitable lipid solutions. To overcome this limitation, plasma was given to provide essential fatty acids. However, high carbohydrate administration during TPN can increase hepatic de novo lipogenesis and may predispose individuals to hyperglycemia, so the initial formulations were not ideal. Lipid emulsions were created to supply the necessary essential fatty acids to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) and to the meet energy and growth needs. While the provision of TPN containing lipid emulsions has successfully reduced the overall mortality of premature infants and infants that are intractable to enteral feeding, there have been a number of diseases that have arisen from its use. Despite line infections and sepsis being the most common issues with TPN, more complex diseases can arise during TPN use. Cholestatic liver disease historically has been among the common TPN related morbidities in infants.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Total Knee Arthroplasty
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a highly effective procedure for advanced osteoarthritis of the knee. Thirty-day hospital readmission is an adverse outcome related to complications, which can be mitigated by identifying associated risk factors. 
  • 950
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Toscana virus NSs protein stability
The non-structural protein NSs of the Phenuiviridae family members appears to have a role in the host immunity escape. Toscana virus NSs protein exerts its inhibitory function by triggering RIG-I for proteasomal degradation, confirming the interaction between the ubiquitin system and TOSV NSs. The mass spectrometry analysis of TOSV NSs allowed the direct identification of lysine residues targeted for ubiquitination. Moreover, analysis of NSs K-mutants confirmed the presence and the important role of lysine residues located in the central and the C-terminal parts of the protein in controlling the NSs cellular level. Therefore, we directly demonstrated a new cellular pathway involved in controlling TOSV NSs fate and activity, and this opens the way to new investigations among more pathogenic viruses of the Phenuiviridae family.
  • 513
  • 15 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Torsin AAA+ Proteins
Torsin ATPases are members of the AAA+ (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) superfamily of proteins, which participate in essential cellular processes. While AAA+ proteins are ubiquitously expressed and demonstrate distinct subcellular localizations, Torsins are the only AAA+ to reside within the nuclear envelope (NE) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network. Moreover, due to the absence of integral catalytic features, Torsins require the NE- and ER-specific regulatory cofactors, lamina-associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1) and luminal domain like LAP1 (LULL1), to efficiently trigger their atypical mode of ATP hydrolysis. Despite their implication in an ever-growing list of diverse processes, the specific contributions of Torsin/cofactor assemblies in maintaining normal cellular physiology remain largely enigmatic. Resolving gaps in the functional and mechanistic principles of Torsins and their cofactors are of considerable medical importance, as aberrant Torsin behavior is the principal cause of the movement disorder DYT1 early-onset dystonia.
  • 486
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Torreya grandis
Torreya grandis (T. grandis) is an old relict species within the family of Taxaceae that is endemic in China, often referred to as Chinese Torreya. It has been one of the most economically important tree species in the subtropical region of China.
  • 662
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Torque Teno Sus Virus
Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) belongs to the Anelloviridae family. TTSuV is a non-enveloped circular ssDNA virus which frequently infects swine and has been associated with hepatic, respiratory, and autoimmune disorders. TTSuV pathogenic role is still uncertain, and clear data in the literature on virus reservoirs are lacking.
  • 550
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Torkildsen’s Ventriculocisternostomy First Applications
Human skeletal remains are considered as real biological archives of each subject’s life. Generally, traumas, wounds, surgical interventions, and many human pathologies suffered in life leave identifiable marks on the skeleton, and their correct interpretation is possible only through a meticulous anthropological investigation of skeletal remains. The study here presented concerns the analysis of a young Slavic soldier’s skeleton who died, after his imprisonment, in the concentration camp of Torre Tresca (Bari, Italy), during the Second World War (1946). In particular, the skull exhibited signs of surgical activity on the posterior cranial fossa and the parieto-occipital bones. They could be attributed to surgical procedures performed at different times, showing various degrees of bone edge remodeling. Overall, it was possible to correlate the surgical outcomes highlighted on the skull to the Torkildsen’s ventriculocisternostomy (VCS), the first clinically successful shunt for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion in hydrocephalus, which gained widespread use in the 1940s. For this reason, the skeleton we examined represents a rare, precious, and historical testimony of an emerging and revolutionary neurosurgical technique, which differed from other operations for treating hydrocephalus before the Second World War and was internationally recognized as an efficient procedure before the introduction of extracranial shunts.
  • 386
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
TOR1A Gene
Torsin family 1 member A: The TOR1A gene (also known as DYT1) provides instructions for making a protein called torsinA. 
  • 532
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
TOR–PKA Interactions
TOR and PKA signaling are the major growth-regulatory nutrient-sensing pathways in S. cerevisiae. A number of experimental findings demonstrated a close relationship between these pathways: Both are responsive to glucose availability. Both regulate ribosome production on the transcriptional level and repress autophagy and the cellular stress response. Sch9, a major downstream effector of TORC1 presumably shares its kinase consensus motif with PKA, and genetic rescue and synthetic defects between PKA and Sch9 have been known for a long time.
  • 378
  • 16 Feb 2022
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