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Topic Review
LCA, DCA, and Their Derivatives from Gut Microbiota
A wide variety and large number of bacterial species live in the gut, forming the gut microbiota. Gut microbiota not only coexist harmoniously with their hosts, but they also induce significant effects on each other. The composition of the gut microbiota can be changed due to environmental factors such as diet and antibiotic intake. In contrast, alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota have been reported in a variety of diseases, including intestinal, allergic, and autoimmune diseases and cancer. The gut microbiota metabolize exogenous dietary components ingested from outside the body to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and amino acid metabolites. Unlike SCFAs and amino acid metabolites, the source of bile acids (BAs) produced by the gut microbiota is endogenous BAs from the liver. The gut microbiota metabolize BAs to generate secondary bile acids, such as lithocholic acid (LCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), and their derivatives, which have recently been shown to play important roles in immune cells. 
  • 309
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Ethnomedical Uses of Corymbia Species
Plants have been vital to human survival for aeons, especially for their unique medicinal properties. Trees of the Eucalyptus genus are well known for their medicinal properties. The Corymbia genus comprises bloodwood, spotted and ghost gum trees, which were previously classified as subspecies of the Eucalyptus genus. In 1995, however, DNA and morphological research concluded that bloodwood, spotted and ghost gum trees were genetically distinct from other Eucalyptus species, and they were, therefore, reclassified as members of the Corymbia genus of the Myrtaceae family
  • 205
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Anti-Lipopolysaccharide Factor
Sepsis is a life-threatening complication of an infectious process that results from the excessive and uncontrolled activation of the host’s pro-inflammatory immune response to a pathogen. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin, which is a major component of Gram-negative bacteria’s outer membrane, plays a key role in the development of Gram-negative sepsis and septic shock in humans. To date, no specific and effective drug against sepsis has been developed.
  • 536
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Influence of Environmental Variables in Micropterus salmoides
Biological invasions in fresh waters cause biodiversity loss and impairment of ecosystem functioning. Many freshwater invasive species are fish, including the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, which is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world. Fast individual growth rates, high dispersal ability, ecological tolerance, and trophic plasticity are among the characteristics contributing to its success. The negative impact of M. salmoides on littoral fish communities is believed to be mitigated by habitat structural complexity resulting from aquatic vegetation and coarse woody debris, while the main limits on its spread seem to be strong water flows and high turbidity, which impairs visual predation. Together with the human overexploitation of its potential fish antagonists, habitat alteration could result in M. salmoides having seriously detrimental effects on native biodiversity.
  • 188
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Sterol Hormone 20-Hydroxyecdysone Biosynthesis
20E (20-Hydroxyecdysone) is a central steroid hormone that orchestrates developmental changes and metamorphosis in arthropods. PCD (Programmed cell death), including apoptosis, necrosis, efferocytosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy, plays a crucial role in regulated cell elimination, which is vital for cells’ development and tissue homeostasis.
  • 186
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Radiation Impacts Microbiota Compositions
The composition of the gut microbiota represents an early indicator of chronic post-radiation side-effects in elderly bone and immunogenic traits of the gastrointestinal homeostasis. Fecal microbiota analyses revealed that the relative abundances of Bacteroides massiliensis, Muribaculum sp., or Prevotella denticola were different between conventional microbiota (CM) and anti-inflammatory restricted microbiota (RM). The murine RM was found conditional on mucosa-associated dysbiosis under both, disturbances of interleukin (IL)-17 signaling, and exposure to radiation alone. The hypothesis that intestinal microbiota induced alterations in DNA repair and expressed transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in the small intestine is discussed, thereby impacting bone microstructure and osteoblast dysfunction in silicon ion (1.5 Gy 28Si ions of 850 MeV/u) irradiated mice. Bacterial microbiota compositions influenced therapeutic approaches, correlated with clinical outcomes in radiotherapy and were associated with alterations of the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 infections during the last global pandemics.
  • 303
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Marine Bioactive Compounds and the Food Industry
Marine by-products, including head, viscera, skin, and bones, often constitute over 50% of the biomass, which contains a wide range of biomolecules and is mostly underutilized. For example, sea cucumber by-products, mainly gut materials, represent up to 50% of sea cucumber body weight, which is a rich source of PUFAs and phenolic compounds (phenolic acids and flavonoids), exhibiting antioxidant activity. Hence, marine bioactive compounds hold a significant potential to be a potential candidate in the value-added nutraceutical, functional food ingredient, and natural health product sector that can be used for health promotion and food preservation. In particular, due to tremendous functional (e.g., stabilizing, emulsifying, gelling, and water-thickening) and biological (e.g., anticancer, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, wound healing, and antimicrobial) properties, marine-derived bioactive compounds have gained significant interest as a promising source of functional ingredients. For instance, due to antibacterial and antihypertensive properties as well as foaming and gel-forming capacities, proteins/peptides are considered one of the most promising ingredients in the functional food sector.
  • 297
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
DNA Detection Approaches for Liquid Biopsies
Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide, despite many advances in diagnosis and treatment. Precision medicine has been a key area of focus, with research providing insights and progress in helping to lower cancer mortality through better patient stratification for therapies and more precise diagnostic techniques.
  • 209
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
DNA 6mA and RNA m6A Methylation
Epigenetic methylation has been shown to play an important role in transcriptional regulation and disease pathogenesis. Recent advancements in detection techniques have identified DNA N6-methyldeoxyadenosine (6mA) and RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) as methylation modifications at the sixth position of adenine in DNA and RNA, respectively.
  • 471
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Directed Cycles Evolve with Junk DNA
Cell responses are usually viewed as transitive events with fixed inputs and outputs that are regulated by feedback loops. In contrast, directed cycles (DCs) have all nodes connected, and the flow is in a single direction. Consequently, DCs can regenerate themselves and implement intransitive logic. DCs are able to couple unrelated chemical reactions to each edge. The output depends upon which node is used as input.
  • 238
  • 22 Nov 2023
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