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Topic Review
Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp.
Microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) perform critical cellular tasks by nucleating, stabilizing, and anchoring microtubule’s minus ends. These capacities impact tremendously a wide array of cellular functions ranging from ascribing cell shape to orchestrating cell division and generating motile structures, among others. The phylum Apicomplexa comprises over 6000 single-celled obligate intracellular parasitic species.
  • 617
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that can cause serious disease in humans, especially in pregnant women. 
  • 551
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Toxigenic Molds in Ripened Foods and Biocontrol Strategies
Ripened foods of animal origin comprise meat products and dairy products, being transformed by the wild microbiota which populates the raw materials, generating highly appreciated products over the world. Together with this beneficial microbiota, toxigenic molds such as Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp., can contaminate these products and pose a risk for the consumers. Thus, effective strategies to hamper these hazards are required. Additionally, consumer demand for clean label products is increasing. Therefore, the manufacturing sector is seeking new efficient, natural, low-environmental impact and easy to apply strategies to counteract these microorganisms.
  • 322
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Toxigenic Fusarium Species
Toxigenic Fusarium species are among the most important plant pathogens in agriculture. They may infect nearly every plant species and comprise about 300 phylospecies. The worldwide most important toxigenic species is F. graminearum producing the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol or nivalenol and the estrogenic zearalenone. Among the economically most important diseases are Fusarium head blight (FHB) of cereals, Fusarium crown rot of wheat and barley, Gibberella/Fusarium ear and stalk rot of maize. Mycotoxins are harmful to humans and animals and a great worldwide threat. The global economic losses caused by toxigenic Fusarium diseases are immense. They can only be controlled by a combination of measures including agronomic practices and resistant varieties. With genomic techniques new insights into the Fusarium-host pathosystem will be possible. 
  • 482
  • 28 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Toxicology of Deoxynivalenol
Deoxynivalenol is a toxic compound produced by filamentous fungi and represents a threat to public health. It is not possible to totally extinguish fungal contamination in crops such as wheat and corn and thereby avoid the production of this toxin.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Toxicology and Gut Microbiota
In recent years, new targets have been included between the health outcomes induced by pesticide exposure. The gastrointestinal tract is a key physical and biological barrier and it represents a primary site of exposure to toxic agents. Recently, the intestinal microbiota has emerged as a notable factor regulating pesticides’ toxicity. However, the specific mechanisms related to this interaction are not well known.
  • 664
  • 09 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Toxicological Impact of Rare Earth Elements (REEs)
Scientific evidence shows that exposure to lanthanides triggers a wide variety of toxic insults from reproductive performance to fertilization, redox metabolism, embryogenesis and regulation of embryonic gene expression. This was thoroughly demonstrated for gadolinium, the most widespread lanthanide widely used in diagnostic medicine, whose uptake in sea urchin embryos occurs in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, correlates with decreased calcium absorption and primarily affects skeletal growth, with incorrect regulation of the skeletal gene regulatory network. The results collected on sea urchin embryos demonstrate a variable sensitivity of the early life stages of different species, highlighting the importance of testing the effects of pollution in different species.
  • 494
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Toxicity of Mycotoxins to Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Mycotoxin is a naturally occurring substance produced by fungi. Consumption of low concentrations of mycotoxins in animals would result in severe hazardous symptoms.
  • 603
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Toxicity of meta-Tyrosine
meta-Tyrosine (m-Tyr) is a non-proteinogenic isomer of p-tyrosine (Tyr) and is an antimetabolite of proteinogenic amino acid phenylalanine (Phe). This compound can be found in animal and plant cells.
  • 832
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Toxicity of House Plants to Pet Animals
Cases of ingestion of indoor poisonous plants are relatively common among animals and lead to both acute cases of poisoning and long-term exposure to harmful substances and chronic damage to the animal’s health. Plants produce a large number of secondary metabolites, which serve to protect the plant from attacks by insects, parasitic plants, fungi or, for example, during reproduction. However, these metabolites can be toxic if ingested by animals or humans. Toxicologically effective components found in plants are mainly alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, terpenes and others.
  • 304
  • 20 Jul 2023
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