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Topic Review
Transposable Elements during Sex Chromosome Differentiation
Transposable elements (TEs) comprise a substantial portion of eukaryotic genomes. They have the unique ability to integrate into new locations and serve as the main source of genomic novelties by mediating chromosomal rearrangements and regulating portions of functional genes. Recent studies have revealed that TEs are abundant in sex chromosomes.
  • 472
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Transposable Elements
Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA sequences that can jump from one genomic locus to another and that have colonized the genomes of all living organisms. While TE mobilization is an important source of genomic innovations that greatly contribute to the host species evolution, it is also a major threat to genome integrity that can lead to pathologies.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Transportin-SR2 in HIV nuclear import
Transportin-SR2 (TRN-SR2), also known as transportin-3 or TNPO3, is a karyopherin involved in the nuclear import of specific cargoes, such as serine/arginine-rich molecules. This molecule has been implicated in human diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. TRN-SR2 is also known to play a role in HIV-1 nuclear import.
  • 686
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Transport through the Blood–Brain Barrier
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a complex structure present in mammalian organisms and is responsible for maintaining the parameters of the internal environment of the central nervous system (CNS).
  • 582
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Transport of Nanoparticles into Plants
The transport of matter into plants, also known as plant uptake, is a crucial process for the growth and development of plants. Plants require various essential nutrients, water, and gases for their survival and growth. The transport in plants extends beyond water, nutrients, and gases, encompassing the movement of various particles or nanoparticles, as well as other exogenous materials. This includes genetic material such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Nanoparticles can be transported into plants for several reasons, often as a result of environmental exposure or as a part of research and development efforts. The transport of nanoparticles into plants can have various implications, both beneficial and potentially concerning, depending on the type of nanoparticles and the intended purpose. 
  • 348
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Transport of Exogenous GABA in Plants
γ- Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a ubiquitous four-carbon non-protein amino acid. In plants, GABA is found in different cell compartments and performs different metabolic functions. As a signalling molecule, GABA participates in the regulation of tolerance to various abiotic stresses.  GABA transporters were identified for the first time in 1999. Arabidopsis can grow efficiently on media in which GABA is the only nitrogen source, which shows that exogenous GABA can be taken up by plants and verifies the existence of GABA transporters. The transport of GABA in plants includes the transport of GABA between membranes, as well as into the cell membrane to various organelles. This process is affected by many transporters, such as aluminium activated malate transporters (ALMTs), GABA transporters (GATs), bidirectional amino acid transporters (BATs) and cationic amino acid transporters (CATs). These transporters are located on the cell membrane or organelle membrane and control the transport of GABA to the intracellular space and various organelles.
  • 412
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Transplacental Gene Delivery
Transplacental gene delivery (TPGD) is a technique for delivering nucleic acids to fetal tissues via tail-vein injections in pregnant mice. After transplacental transport, administered nucleic acids enter fetal circulation and are distributed among fetal tissues. In 1995, TPGD was established by Tsukamoto et al., and its mechanisms, and potential applications have been further characterized since. In 2019, Nakamura et al. demonstrated that intravenous injection of plasmid DNA containing genome editing component (CRISPR/Cas9 system) produced indels in fetal myocardial cells. In the future, this unique technique will allow manipulation of fetal cell functions in basic studies of fetal gene therapy.
  • 1.5K
  • 31 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Transmission of Listeria monocytogenes on Small Ruminant On-Farm-Dairies
Listeria monocytogenes can cause severe foodborne infections in humans and invasive diseases in different animal species, especially in small ruminants. Infection of sheep and goats can occur via contaminated feed or through the teat canal. Both infection pathways result in direct (e.g., raw milk from an infected udder or fresh cheese produced from such milk) or indirect exposure of consumers. 
  • 434
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Transmission Dynamics of COVID-19
COVID-19 is pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus which is an emerging infectious disease, and outbreaks in more than 200 countries around the world. Consequently, the spread principles and prevention and control measures of COVID-19 have become a global problem to be solved. Here, we pose a series of dynamical models to reveal the transmission mechanisms of COVID-19. Based on these mathematical models, data fitting and spread trend of COVID-19 are explored to show the propagation law between human populations. We hope that our work may provide some useful insights for effective control of the COVID-19.
  • 5.0K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Transmission and Clinical Manifestations of Zika
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family, genus Flavivirus and was first isolated 1947 in Uganda, Africa, from the serum of a sentinel Rhesus monkey. Since its discovery, the virus was responsible for major outbreaks in several different countries, being linked to severe complications in pregnant women, neonatal birth defects and the congenital zika syndrome. Maternal–fetal transmission of ZIKV can occur in all trimesters of pregnancy, and the role of the placenta and its cells in these cases is yet to be fully understood. The decidua basalis and chorionic villi, maternal–fetal components of the placenta, contain a rich immunological infiltrate composed by Hofbauer cells, mastocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages, primary cells of the innate immune response that have a role that still needs to be better investigated in ZIKV infection. 
  • 395
  • 09 Dec 2022
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