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Topic Review
Alpha 1-Antitrypsin
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a protein produced by the liver and released into the blood. As a known genetic cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) can cause severe respiratory problems at a relatively young age. These problems are caused by decreased or absent levels of alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), an antiprotease which is primarily functional in the respiratory system. If the levels of AAT fall below the protective threshold of 11 µM, the neutrophil-derived serine proteases neutrophil elastase (NE) and proteinase 3 (PR3), which are targets of AAT, are not sufficiently inhibited, resulting in excessive degradation of the lung parenchyma, increased inflammation, and increased susceptibility to infections. Because other therapies are still in the early phases of development, the only therapy currently available for AATD is AAT augmentation therapy. The controversy surrounding AAT augmentation therapy concerns its efficiency, as protection of lung function decline is not demonstrated, despite the treatment’s proven significant effect on lung density change in the long term. 
  • 520
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Alpha Thalassemia
Alpha thalassemia is a blood disorder that reduces the production of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to cells throughout the body.
  • 510
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Alpha Thalassemia Abnormal Morphogenesis
Alpha Thalassemia-Abnormal Morphogensis is a group of blood disorders that affect the way the body makes hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. It's made up of alpha globin and beta globin. Normally each person has four genes for alpha globin, Alpha thalassemia happens when one or more of the genes that control the making of alpha globin is absent or defective. It can cause anemia ranging from mild to severe. Also causing Genital abnormalities and terminal transverse limb defectiveness which is why it is called abnormal morphogenesis. This is most commonly found in people of African, Middle Eastern, Chinese, Southeast Asian and occasionally, Mediterranean descent.
  • 363
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is an inherited disorder that may cause lung disease and liver disease. The signs and symptoms of the condition and the age at which they appear vary among individuals.
  • 500
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Alpha-Emitting Radionuclides in Wild Mushrooms
Alpha-emitting radioisotopes are the most radiotoxic nuclides among all radionuclides. Especially medium- and long-living isotopes that enter the body, are hazardous metals of the greatest importance from the human life point of view. This review focuses on the most common natural and anthropogenic origin alpha-emitting radionuclides in wild mushrooms around the world. Mushrooms are considered as suitable bioindicators of environmental pollution with some metallic elements, for the reason they bioaccumulate a range of mineral ionic constituents including radioactive elements at different levels. Various species have different retain capacities of individual radionuclides. In turn, wild edible mushrooms are food products, mostly consumed regionally and also traded at an international scale. Mushrooms under pollution events situation might cause a risk to consumers due to exposure to highly radiotoxic decay particles produced by alpha emitters.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Peptides
With the change in people’s lifestyle, diabetes has emerged as a chronic disease that poses a serious threat to human health, alongside tumor, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases. α-glucosidase inhibitors, which are oral drugs, have proven effective in preventing and managing this disease. Studies have suggested that bioactive peptides could serve as a potential source of α-glucosidase inhibitors. These peptides possess certain hypoglycemic activity and can effectively regulate postprandial blood glucose levels by inhibiting α-glucosidase activity, thus intervening and regulating diabetes.
  • 169
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Alpha-mannosidosis
Alpha-mannosidosis is a rare inherited disorder that causes problems in many organs and tissues of the body. Affected individuals may have intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, and skeletal abnormalities. Characteristic facial features can include a large head, prominent forehead, low hairline, rounded eyebrows, large ears, flattened bridge of the nose, protruding jaw, widely spaced teeth, overgrown gums, and large tongue. The skeletal abnormalities that can occur in this disorder include reduced bone density (osteopenia), thickening of the bones at the top of the skull (calvaria), deformations of the bones in the spine (vertebrae), knock knees, and deterioration of the bones and joints.
  • 440
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Alpha-Thalassemia
Alpha-thalassemia (α-thalassemia, α-thalassaemia) is a form of thalassemia involving the genes HBA1 and HBA2. Thalassemias are a group of inherited blood conditions which result in the impaired production of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in the blood. Normal hemoglobin consists of two alpha chains and two beta chains; in alpha-thalassemia, there is a quantitative decrease in the amount of alpha chains, resulting in fewer normal hemoglobin molecules. Furthermore, alpha-thalassemia leads to the production of unstable beta globin molecules which cause increased red blood cell destruction. The degree of impairment is based on which clinical phenotype is present (how many genes are affected).
  • 527
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
AlphaFold Predictions in Viral Research
AlphaFold, a modern deep-learning algorithm, enables the prediction of protein structure to a high level of accuracy. It has been applied in numerous studies in various areas of biology and medicine. Viruses are biological entities infecting eukaryotic and procaryotic organisms. They can pose a danger for humans and economically significant animals and plants, but they can also be useful for biological control, suppressing populations of pests and pathogens. AlphaFold can be used for studies of molecular mechanisms of viral infection to facilitate several activities, including drug design.
  • 407
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Alphaviruses in Immunotherapy and Anticancer Therapy
Alphaviruses have been engineered as expression vectors for vaccine development and gene therapy. Due to the feature of RNA self-replication, alphaviruses can provide exceptional direct cytoplasmic expression of transgenes based on the delivery of recombinant particles, naked or nanoparticle-encapsulated RNA or plasmid-based DNA replicons.
  • 387
  • 19 Oct 2022
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