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Topic Review
Plasma-Activated Water
Plasma-activated water (PAW) is generated by treating water with cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) using controllable parameters such as plasma-forming voltage, carrier gas, temperature, pulses, or frequency as required. PAW is reported to have lower pH, higher conductivity, and higher oxidation-reduction potential when compared with untreated water due to the presence of reactive species. PAW has received significant attention from researchers over the last decade due to its non-thermal and non-toxic mode of action, especially for bacterial inactivation. This review summarizes the properties of PAW, the effect of various treatment parameters on its efficiency in bacterial inactivation along with its usage as a standalone technology as well as a hurdle approach with mild thermal treatments.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Histone H1 post-translational modifications
Protein molecules can be further modified after translation. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are responsible for most of the proteome diversity and often modulate critical protein functions in health and disease. Histone H1 is a chromatin structural protein, which contains many PTMs that may alter chromatin structure and function. In this entry, we present a summary of the post-translational modifications (PTMs) identified, up to date, in histone H1 from lower eukaryotes to humans. We also highlight the use of different proteomic strategies, as well as the technical challenges involved in mapping H1 PTMs.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Aug 2020
Biography
Cyrus Chothia
Cyrus Homi Chothia (19 February 1942 – 26 November 2019)[1] FRS[2][3] was an English biochemist who was an emeritus scientist at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) at the University of Cambridge[4][5] and emeritus fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge.[2][6][7][8][9][10][11] Chothia was educated at Alleyn's School,[12] then went to study at Durham Univer
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Pheomelanin
Pheomelanin is a natural yellow-reddish sulfur-containing pigment derived from tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation of tyrosine in presence of cysteine. It is one of the existing forms of the natural pigment melanin, which is present in the skin in two forms: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Generally, the formation of melanin pigments is a protective response against the damaging effects of UV radiation in skin.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
47,XYY Syndrome
47,XYY syndrome is characterized by an extra copy of the Y chromosome in each of a male's cells. Although many males with this condition are taller than average, the chromosomal change sometimes causes no unusual physical features. Most males with 47,XYY syndrome have normal production of the male sex hormone testosterone and normal sexual development, and they are usually able to father children.  
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Neutrophils
Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating and first-responding innate myeloid cellsand have so far been underestimated in the context of multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is the mostfrequent, immune-mediated, inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. MS is treatablebut not curable and its cause(s) and pathogenesis remain elusive. The involvement of neutrophilsin MS pathogenesis has been suggested by the use of preclinical animal disease models, as wellas on the basis of patient sample analysis. In this review, we provide an overview of the possiblemechanisms and functions by which neutrophils may contribute to the development and pathology ofMS. Neutrophils display a broad variety of e ector functions enabling disease pathogenesis, including(1) the release of inflammatory mediators and enzymes, such as interleukin-1 , myeloperoxidase andvarious proteinases, (2) destruction and phagocytosis of myelin (as debris), (3) release of neutrophilextracellular traps, (4) production of reactive oxygen species, (5) breakdown of the blood–brain barrierand (6) generation and presentation of autoantigens. An important question relates to the issue ofwhether neutrophils exhibit a predominantly proinflammatory function or are also implicated in theresolution of chronic inflammatory responses in MS.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Jun 2020
Biography
Horst Korsching
Horst Korsching (12 August 1912 – 21 March 1998) was a German physicist. He was arrested by the allied British and American Armed Forces and incarcerated at Farm Hall for six months in 1945 under Operation Epsilon. Born in Danzig, Korsching began his studies of physics at the Humboldt University of Berlin in 1932. In 1937, he joined the scientific staff at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für P
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
G Protein-Coupled Receptor with the Aging-Related Mechanisms
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the most functionally diverse classes of transmembrane proteins. GPCRs and their associated signaling systems have been linked to nearly every physiological, and also pathophysiological, process. G protein-coupled receptor 19 (GPR19), is a novel orphan GPCR that likely represents an important new target for novel remedial strategies for pathological disease conditions associated with aging-related cellular and tissue damage.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
PDE4 as Therapeutic Targets in Different Diseases
Cyclic nucleotides (cAMP, cGMP) play a major role in normal and pathologic signaling. Beyond receptors, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases; (PDEs) rapidly convert the cyclic nucleotide in its respective 5′-nucleotide to control intracellular cAMP and/or cGMP levels to maintain a normal physiological state. However, in many pathologies, dysregulations of various PDEs (PDE1-PDE11) contribute mainly to organs and tissue failures related to uncontrolled phosphorylation cascade. Among these, PDE4 represents the greatest family, since it is constituted by 4 genes with multiple variants differently distributed at tissue, cellular and subcellular levels, allowing different fine-tuned regulations.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Antimetabolite Drug
Methotrexate (4-{N-[(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl) methyl]-N-methylamino} benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, MTX) is an antimetabolite drug. It is widely used as a chemotherapeutic agent in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis and some sorts of leukemia. MTX is a relatively well-known molecule and is a first-line antirheumatic medication because of its efficacy and safety. It decreases the concentration of tetrahydrofolate (THF) in the cells by the inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzyme, therefore it reduces the purine nucleotide and DNA synthesis.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
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