Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Therapeutic Pathways
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe disease characterized by the loss and obstructive remodeling of the pulmonary arterial wall, causing a rise in pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, which is responsible for right heart failure, functional decline, and death. The main molecular pathways involved in drugs are available for the treatment PAH involve nitric oxide, endothelin 1 and prostacyclin. Although, this condition continues to be life-threatening, and its long-term treatment is expensive.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Important Pathogens in Poultry Production
The presence of a wide variety of microorganisms is surveilled in several food producing animals due to their importance to public health, namely in broilers and laying hens. The pathogens most relevant in this industry, and associated with antimicrobial drug resistance, include Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter spp. (specially C. jejuni), Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Barley
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) has been widely used as a model crop for studying molecularand physiological processes such as chloroplast development and photosynthesis. During thesecond half of the 20th century, mutants such as albostrians led to the discovery of thenuclear-encoded, plastid-localized RNA polymerase and the retrograde (chloroplast-to-nucleus)signalling communication pathway, while chlorina-f2 and xantha mutants helped to shed light onthe chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway, on the light-harvesting proteins and on the organization ofthe photosynthetic apparatus. However, during the last 30 years, a large fraction of chloroplastresearch has switched to the more “user-friendly” model species Arabidopsis thaliana, the firstplant species whose genome was sequenced and published at the end of 2000. Despite its manyadvantages, Arabidopsis has some important limitations compared to barley, including the lackof a real canopy and the absence of the proplastid-to-chloroplast developmental gradient acrossthe leaf blade. These features, together with the availability of large collections of natural geneticdiversity and mutant populations for barley, a complete genome assembly and protocols for genetictransformation and gene editing, have relaunched barley as an ideal model species for chloroplastresearch. In this review, we provide an update on the genomics tools now available for barley, andreview the biotechnological strategies reported to increase photosynthesis eciency in model species,which deserve to be validated in barley.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Smart village
In this study, the level of progress of climate smart agriculture was examined, its ideas were employed to develop a framework for smart village development. This is essential because most agricultural activites are maximized in the rural communities, more so, its development can influence the increasing rural-urban migration. Also of importance is the tailoring of this framework towards sustainability. 
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Mitochondria and Ageing
Declining mitochondrial function, reflected in defects in ATP synthesis and increased generation of toxic reactive oxygen species is a universal feature of natural ageing. It accompanies the other hallmarks of ageing which include progressive loss of function in multiple organs, sarcopenia and increasing maladaptive low-grade inflammation. These end in death, which is a cumulative result of loss of function, leading to either increased vulnerability to environmental hazards such as predation and disease or to failure of critical organ systems such as the heart, liver or kidney. Several processes that may contribute mechanistically to age related degeneration have been identified, including oxidative damage, accumulation of toxic protein aggregates, autoinflammatory processes, loss of stem cell populations and an increasing load of malfunctional senescent cells.  Mitochondrial dysfunction has connections with each of these processes.  The following is a brief overview of some of these connections.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Plant-Derived Pesticides
Pests and diseases are responsible for most of the losses related to agricultural crops, either in the field or in storage. Moreover, due to indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides over the years, several issues have come along, such as pest resistance and contamination of important planet sources, such as water, air and soil. Therefore, in order to improve efficiency of crop production and reduce food crisis in a sustainable manner, while preserving consumer’s health, plant-derived pesticides may be a green alternative to synthetic ones.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
List of Ant Genera
Ants (family Formicidae in the order Hymenoptera) are the most species-rich of all social insects, with more than 12,000 described species and many others awaiting description. Formicidae is divided into 21 subfamilies, of which 17 are extant and four subfamilies are extinct, described from fossils. In total more than 300 genera have been described. Ants have come to occupy virtually all major terrestrial habitats, with the exception of tundra and cold ever-wet forests. They display a wide range of social behaviors, foraging habits and associations with other organisms, which has generated scientific and public interest. The following is a list of worldwide ant genera organised by subfamily.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bacterial Flagellar Filament
The bacterial flagellum is a complex and dynamic nanomachine that propels bacteria through liquids. It consists of a basal body, a hook, and a long filament. The flagellar filament is composed of thousands of copies of the protein flagellin (FliC) arranged helically and ending with a filament cap composed of an oligomer of the protein FliD. The overall structure of the filament core is preserved across bacterial species, while the outer domains exhibit high variability, and in some cases are even completely absent. Flagellar assembly is a complex and energetically costly process triggered by environmental stimuli and, accordingly, highly regulated on transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. Apart from its role in locomotion, the filament is critically important in several other aspects of bacterial survival, reproduction and pathogenicity, such as adhesion to surfaces, secretion of virulence factors and formation of biofilms. Additionally, due to its ability to provoke potent immune responses, flagellins have a role as adjuvants in vaccine development.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Archaea Pigments
Archaea represent a resource of great potential for the identification of new metabolites because of their adaptation to extreme environmental conditions and their original metabolic pathways, allowing the synthesis of unique biomolecules. Archaea also represent a valuable source of novel pigments, including carotenoids (detailed further below) and proteins called bacteriorhodopsins.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Gender of the Human Host to Fungal Infection
Host sex or gender influences the incidence of some fungal infections in humans such as aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, dermatophytosis, and candidiasis due to differences in immune response, behavior, and awareness for early detection and treatment. The dimensions of sex and gender are important determinants throughout the fungal infection process and in approaches to prevent or treat these infections, as well as in development of antifungal drugs. Failure to consider sex and gender may be detrimental to the holistic understanding of the processes involved in fungal infection.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Jun 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 1815
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback