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Topic Review
Enzymatic Antioxidant
Plant enzymes are superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferases (GST), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), which work as part of the antioxidant defence system. These enzymes together form a complex set of mechanisms to minimise, buffer, and scavenge the reactive oxygen species (ROS) efficiently. 
  • 1.7K
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Microbiological Hazards in Dairy
In Africa, milk production, processing and consumption are integral part of the traditional food supply, with dairy products being a staple component of recommended healthy diets. In this article, we highlight the main microbial food safety hazards in the dairy chain in African. These include risk factors associated with various steps in the dairy chain including primary production, milk collection, storage, packaging, transportation and distribution, traditional milk processing as well as consumer practices.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Adenosine A1 Receptor and Epilepsy
Adenosine acts as an endogenous anticonvulsant and seizure terminator in the brain. Many of its anticonvulsive effects are mediated through activation of the adenosine A1 receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor with a wide array of targets. Various signaling pathways are involved in the neuronal inhibition caused by adenosine A1 receptor activation. These include direct interactions of G protein subunits, the adenyl cyclase pathway and the phospholipase C pathway, which all mediate neuronal hyperpolarization and suppression of synaptic transmission.
  • 1.7K
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
The Alveolar Epithelium at Homeostasis
The alveolar epithelium serves as a barrier between the body and the external environment. To maintain efficient gas exchange, the alveolar epithelium has evolved to withstand and rapidly respond to an assortment of inhaled, injury-inducing stimuli. Alveolar damage can lead to loss of alveolar fluid barrier function and exuberant, non-resolving inflammation that manifests clinically as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
  • 1.7K
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Red Seaweed Pigments
Algae taxa are notably diverse regarding pigment diversity and composition, red seaweeds (Rhodophyta) being a valuable source of phycobiliproteins (phycoerythrins, phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin), carotenes (carotenoids and xanthophylls), and chlorophyll a. These pigments have a considerable biotechnological potential, which has been translated into several registered patents and commercial applications. 
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Egyptian Six-Rowed Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the main and oldest cereal crops on Earth. Worldwide, its grain production is ranked fourth after maize, rice, and wheat. Barley is generally considered a poor man’s crop because it is easy to cultivate, with few requirements, and has a high capacity for adaptation to harsh environments. Some literature estimates the age of barley at 11,000 years. However, six-rowed barley did not arise until after 6000 BC. Archaeological evidence has dated barley cultivation to 5000–6000 BC in Egypt. Barley products, especially bread and beer, comprised a complete diet in ancient Egypt.
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Trace Minerals in Animal Nutrition
Trace mineral refers to the nutritional elements added to production and companion animal diets in micro quantities. They are involved in structural, physiological, catalytic, and regulatory functions in animals. The importance of dietary supplementation of animal feeds with trace minerals is irrefutable, with various forms of both organic and inorganic products commercially available.
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Cyanidin-3-Glucoside
Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) is a well-known natural anthocyanin and possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The catabolism of C3G in the gastrointestinal tract could produce bioactive phenolic metabolites, such as protocatechuic acid, phloroglucinaldehyde, vanillic acid, and ferulic acid, which enhance C3G bioavailability and contribute to both mucosal barrier and microbiota.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Techniques for Dealcoholization of Wines
To adapt to the trends in wine styles, and the effect of climate change on wine alcohol content, different techniques have been used at the various stages of winemaking, among which the physical dealcoholization techniques, particularly membrane separation (nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, evaporative perstraction, and pervaporation) and thermal distillation (vacuum distillation and spinning cone column), have shown promising results and hence are being used for commercial production.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Cadmium and Lead Exposure
This entry provides information relevant to public health policy regarding advisable exposure limits for cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) that have no biologic role in humans. All of their perceptible effects are toxic. These metals exist in virtually all foodstuffs. Foods which are frequently consumed in large quantities such as cereals, rice, potatoes and vegetables contribute the most to total intake of these metals. Because Cd and Pb exposure are highly prevalent, even a small increase in disease risk can result in a large number of people affected by a disease that is preventable. Public measures to minimize environmental pollution and the food-chain transfer of Cd and Pb are required to prevent Cd- and Pb- related ailments and mortality as are risk reduction measures that set a maximally permissible concentration of Cd and Pb in staple food to the lowest achievable levels.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Oct 2020
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