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Topic Review
Animal Foods' Lactic Acid Bacteria
A variety of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, which are either part of the autochthonous microbiota or introduced into animal products, have potential beneficial applications for the preservation of such products and/or for consumer health. Many foods obtained from fermented products of animal origin, such as meat, fish, and dairy, contain living microorganisms that are phylogenetically similar to probiotic LAB as part of the microbiota that directs their fermentation process and is responsible for their unique character. Fermented foods, such as cultured milk, yogurt, cheese, fermented sausage, and certain types of wine, are obtained through enzymatic reactions resulting from controlled microbial growth, in which the main microbial effectors comprise, primarily, LAB and their metabolites.
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Animal Functional Traits Associated with Fire Sensitivity
Changes in fire regimes in the 21st century are posing a major threat to global biodiversity. In this scenario, incorporating species’ physiological, ecological, and evolutionary traits with their local fire exposure might facilitate accurate identification of species most at risk from fire. 
  • 524
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Animal Health Components in a Biosurveillance System
Biosurveillance defines the process of gathering, integrating, interpreting, and communicating essential information related to all-hazards threats or disease activity affecting human, animal, or plant health to achieve early detection and warning, contribute to overall situational awareness of the health aspects of an incident, and to enable better decision making for action at all levels. Animal health surveillance is an important component within biosurveillance systems comprising a continuum of activities from detecting biological threats, to analyzing relevant data, to managing identified threats, and embracing a One Health concept. The animal health community can strengthen biosurveillance by adopting various developments such as increasing the alignment, engagement, and participation of stakeholders in surveillance systems, exploring new data streams, improving integration and analysis of data streams for decision-making, enhancing research and application of social sciences and behavioral methods in animal health surveillance, and performing timely evaluation of surveillance systems.
  • 353
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Animal Inflammatory Bowel Disease
In the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the gut microbiota has been established as a key factor. Recently, metabolomics has become important for understanding the functional relevance of gut microbial changes in disease. Animal models for IBD enable the study of factors involved in disease development. However, results from animal studies may not represent the human situation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether results from metabolomics studies on animal models for IBD were similar to those from studies on IBD patients. Medline and Embase were searched for relevant studies up to May 2017. The Covidence systematic review software was used for study screening, and quality assessment was conducted for all included studies. Data showed a convergence of ~17% for metabolites differentiated between IBD and controls in human and animal studies with amino acids being the most differentiated metabolite subclass. The acute dextran sodium sulfate model appeared as a good model for analysis of systemic metabolites in IBD, but analytical platform, age, and biological sample type did not show clear correlations with any significant metabolites. In conclusion, this systematic review highlights the variation in metabolomics results, and emphasizes the importance of expanding the applied detection methods to ensure greater coverage and convergence between the various different patient phenotypes and animal models of inflammatory bowel disease.
  • 632
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Animal Learning and Training
There is an ethical responsibility to provide all animals living in human care with optimal and positive well-being. As animals living in zoos and aquariums frequently interact with their human caregivers as part of their daily care routines, it is both relevant and essential to consider the impact of these interactions on animal well-being. Allowing animals to have choice and control in multiple areas of their lives, such as by providing opportunities for them to voluntarily participate in their own care through, for example, positive reinforcement training, is an essential component of good animal well-being programs. 
  • 284
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Animal Leishmaniosis
Infection with Leishmania parasites can lead to severe disease in humans and dogs, which act as a reservoir in zoonotic transmission. The identification of additional animal species recognised zoonotic reservoirs is of great importance to leishmaniasis control programs. In addition, Leishmanis spp. can cause considerable disease in animals other than dogs.
  • 591
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Animal Model of Diabetes: Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats
Laboratory Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rat are derived from the Zucker Fatty strain. A spontaneous mutation that occurred in Zucker Fatty (ZF) rats resulted in a diabetic phenotype. The inbreeding of ZF rats carrying the desired mutation led to the development of a new strain called the Zucker Diabetic Fatty strain. The polyphenolic compounds analyzed in studies conducted using this animal model include pomegranate extracts and cocoa flavonols.
  • 326
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Animal Model of Endometriosis
Endometriosis, a common gynecological disorder affecting around 10% of reproductive-age women, involves the growth of uterine tissue outside the uterus. Despite its long recognition, its underlying causes remain poorly understood. To study this complex condition, researchers have turned to animal models, particularly laboratory mice. These models, while cost-effective and genetically controllable, have limitations due to differences between mouse and human physiology, necessitating artificial induction of endometriosis. Innovative approaches, such as "fluorescent murine models," aid lesion identification and response assessment. Additionally, heterologous murine models involving human tissue transplantation offer insights but have their own limitations. Despite challenges, these models contribute significantly to endometriosis research, paving the way for potential treatments.
  • 173
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Animal Model of Hypertension: Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat
Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) rats were produced by outbreeding Wistar–Kyoto rats, followed by the selective inbreeding of their offspring with the highest blood pressure values. These rats are mainly used in studies on cardiovascular diseases, especially hypertension, metabolic diseases that lead to insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypercholesterolemia, and renal dysfunction.
  • 683
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Animal Model of Obesity Zucker Fatty Rats
Laboratory Zucker Fatty (ZF) rats are used in human disease studies as a model of obesity with accompanying hyperlipidemia and hypertension. While this model is most widely used in studies on genetic obesity, ZF rats are also used in studies on MetS and non-insulin-dependent obesity-related diabetes. ZF rats are characterized by a recessive mutation in the leptin receptor gene (called “fa”), which leads to polyphagia, with the consequent development of obesity at around four weeks of age. The causes of obesity in ZF rats also include hypertrophy and adipocyte hyperplasia, which are linked to their genetic predisposition. Other conditions observed in ZF rats include hyperinsulinemia and impaired glucose tolerance, which do not lead to overt diabetes.
  • 436
  • 05 Sep 2023
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