Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Analysis of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations
In response to the threat presented by AMR, it is critically important to find methods for effectively interpreting minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests. A wide array of techniques for analysis of MIC data exist, which require different ways of modifying the MIC data for use as the dependent variable in regression and analysis. For use as the outcome in logistic regression, MIC data is categorized using clinical breakpoints and epidemiological cutoff values (ECOFF). Clinical breakpoints classify isolates as susceptible (S), resistant (R), or an intermediate category based on expected clinical outcomes of treatment with a specific antimicrobial. The ECOFF classifies organisms as wild type (WT) or non-wild type (non-WT)  based on the absence or presence of phenotypically-detectable acquired resistance mechanisms to the specific antimicrobial. Dichotomization of MIC data results in information loss, as only changes in the proportions of WT/non-WT or S/R are observed in dichotomized data. As a result, changes in MIC distributions that do not cross the threshold may be unobserved using approaches with dichotomized outcomes. Other modeling approaches for MIC data may attempt to avoid information loss by not dichotomizing the outcome when using regression to analyze MIC data.
  • 2.0K
  • 02 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Analysis of Phenolic Compounds by Coulometric Array Detector
Phenolic compounds are an important group of organic molecules with high radical scavenging, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The emerging interest in phenolic compounds in food products has led to the development of various analytical techniques for their detection and characterization. Among them, the coulometric array detector is a sensitive, selective, and precise method for the analysis of polyphenols. 
  • 420
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Anaphase Bridges
Anaphase bridges are DNA threads stretching between the two DNA masses as cells attempt to segregate them during anaphase. Anaphase bridges arise from unresolved DNA intertwines between sister chromatids. Sister chromatid intertwines (SCIs) naturally arise during DNA replication and represent a non-proteinaceous source of cohesion between sister chromatids. SCIs and are mainly resolved in S phase, although some do persist and must be fully removed during mitosis to allow faithful chromosome segregation and avoid the arising of DNA lesions and genome instability, a hallmark of cancer development. As complete resolution of SCIs only occurs during chromosome segregation, it is not clear whether intertwines that persist in mitosis are simply an unwanted leftover or whether they have a functional role.
  • 7.4K
  • 04 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Anaplasma Species in Africa
Anaplasma species, belonging to the family Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales, are obligate intracellular bacteria responsible for various tick-borne diseases of veterinary and human significance worldwide. With advancements in molecular techniques, seven formal species of Anaplasma and numerous unclassified species have been described. In Africa, several Anaplasma species and strains have been identified in different animals and tick species
  • 339
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Anaplasma spp. in German Small Ruminant Flocks
Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma ovis, tick-borne pathogens with zoonotic potential, have been detected in small ruminants in Europe and North America in the past. However, knowledge about the distribution of these pathogens in the German small ruminant population is scarce. These intracellular bacteria cause tick borne fever and ovine anaplasmosis, respectively.
  • 593
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-negative
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a subtype of T-cell lymphoma composed of large cells and a characteristic strong and diffuse expression of the activation marker CD30 (>75% of the cells). ALCL is composed of large epithelioid and anaplastic cells and cells with horseshoe-shaped nucleus (hallmark cells). This lymphoma is divided into two major groups based on the presence/absence of the rearrangement and of the expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) into ALK-positive and ALK-negative. The latter is currently classified into systemic, primary cutaneous, and breast implant-associated ALCL.
  • 668
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Anatomical Defects Associated with  Repeat Breeder Cow Syndrome
Repeat breeder cow (RBC) syndrome encompasses cows failing three or more times to become pregnant, but with the special characteristic that their estrous cycles have a normal duration. Farmers and technicians commonly feel incapable of addressing this reproductive issue, and after numerous unsuccessful attempts to conceive, it is often necessary to cull cows. Important economic losses are linked to RBC syndrome due to diagnosis, therapy, or reduced milk production, among others.
  • 219
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Anatomical Imaging Techniques for Skin Cancer Pathobiology
Early diagnosis is essential for completely eradicating skin cancer and maximizing patients’ clinical benefits. Emerging optical imaging modalities such as reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), optical coherence tomography (OCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), near-infrared (NIR) bioimaging, positron emission tomography (PET), and their combinations provide non-invasive imaging data that may help in the early detection of cutaneous tumors and surgical planning. Hence, they seem appropriate for observing dynamic processes such as blood flow, immune cell activation, and tumor energy metabolism, which may be relevant for disease evIolution.
  • 179
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Anatomical Tissue Engineering of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Entheses
The firm integration of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts into bones remains the most demanding challenge in ACL reconstruction, since graft loosening means graft failure. For a functional-tissue-engineered ACL substitute to be realized in future, robust bone attachment sites (entheses) have to be re-established. The latter comprise four tissue compartments (ligament, non-calcified and calcified fibrocartilage, separated by the tidemark, bone) forming a histological and biomechanical gradient at the attachment interface between the ACL and bone. The ACL enthesis is surrounded by the synovium and exposed to the intra-articular micromilieu. 
  • 374
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Anatomical Variations of the External Jugular Vein
The external jugular vein (EJV) descends superficially to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and drains into the subclavian vein after penetrating the deep cervical fascia. Numerous morphological possibilities of the EJV could occur and should be carefully interpreted. These include fenestrations and double fenestrations, true or false duplications, triplication, absence, aberrant origin or course, bifurcation, or the internal jugular vein termination of the EJV. 
  • 872
  • 31 Mar 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 1746
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback