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Topic Review
Probiotics Regulating Intestinal Flora to Improve Functional Dyspepsia
Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder. The pathophysiology remains poorly understood; however, alterations in the small intestinal microbiome have been observed. Treatments for FD with drugs are limited, and there are certain safety problems. A class of active probiotic bacteria can control gastrointestinal homeostasis, nutritional digestion and absorption, and the energy balance when taken in certain dosages. Probiotics play many roles in maintaining intestinal microecological balance, improving the intestinal barrier function, and regulating the immune response. The presence and composition of intestinal microorganisms play a vital role in the onset and progression of FD and serve as a critical factor for both regulation and potential intervention regarding the management of this condition. Thus, there are potential advantages to alleviating FD by regulating the intestinal flora using probiotics, targeting intestinal microorganisms. 
  • 178
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Influenza Pathology
Influenza virus infections occur in people and animals worldwide and cause variable disease outcomes depending on the species affected and strain of the virus. Influenza viruses can be transmitted between animals, persons, or from animals to humans and can cause severe disease pathology or death.
  • 120
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Structural Organization of Mutable Collagenous Tissue
Echinoderms (starfish, sea-urchins and their close relations) possess a unique type of collagenous tissue that is innervated by the motor nervous system and whose mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and elastic stiffness, can be altered in a time frame of seconds. Intensive research on echinoderm ‘mutable collagenous tissue’ (MCT) began over 50 years ago, and over 20 years ago, MCT first inspired a biomimetic design. MCT, and sea-cucumber dermis in particular, is now a major source of ideas for the development of new mechanically adaptable materials and devices with applications in diverse areas including biomedical science, chemical engineering and robotics. 
  • 175
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Clinical Biofluid Assays for Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a heterogeneous disease, with a large percentage of prostate tumors being indolent, and with a relatively slow metastatic potential. However, due to the high case numbers, the absolute number of PCa-related deaths is still high. In fact, it causes the second highest number of cancer deaths in American men. As a first step for the diagnosis of PCa, the PSA test has been widely used. However, it has low specificity, which results in a high number of false positives leading to overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Newer derivatives of the original PSA test, including the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved 4K (four kallikreins) and the PHI (Prostate Health Index) blood tests, have higher specificities. Tissue-based PCa tests are problematic as biopsies are invasive and have limited accuracy due to prostate tumor heterogeneity. Liquid biopsies offer a minimally or non-invasive choice for the patients, while providing a more representative reflection of the spatial heterogeneity in the prostate. In addition to the abovementioned blood-based tests, urine is a promising source of PCa biomarkers, offering a supplementary avenue for early detection and improved tumor classification. Four urine-based PCa tests are either FDA- or CLIA-approved: PCA3 (PROGENSA), ExoDX Prostate Intelliscore, MiPS, and SelectMDx.
  • 235
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Origin Recognition Complex
The origin recognition complex (ORC) selects sites for replication initiation by recruiting a pair of hexameric minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complexes to replication origins where the pre-replication complex (Pre-RC) is assembled, and the bidirectional replisomes are formed.
  • 164
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Dynamics in Pulmonary Hypertension
Mitochondria are essential organelles for energy production, calcium homeostasis, redox signaling, and other cellular responses involved in pulmonary vascular biology and disease processes. Mitochondrial homeostasis depends on a balance in mitochondrial fusion and fission (dynamics). Mitochondrial dynamics are regulated by a viable circadian clock.
  • 121
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Prevent and Treat Oral Mucositis
Oral Mucositis, a debilitating side effect of radio and chemotherapy for head and neck cancers, involves inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes in the oral cavity. This condition often leads to severe pain, difficulty in eating, and compromised quality of life for cancer patients. The use of natural compounds such as polyphenols has shown promise in preventing and alleviating Oral Mucositis as they possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and healing properties, capable of mitigating the adverse effects of chemo and radiotherapy on the oral mucosa.
  • 203
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress and Redox-Dependent Pathways in Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a fatal tumor, accounting for 2% of all cancer-related mortalities worldwide yearly due to its high aggressiveness and poor response to current therapies. Furthermore, over the past few decades, CCA mortality has increased globally.
  • 112
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Neurotrophic Virus and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Development
Neurotrophic viruses are pathogens that can cause alterations in the function of the central nervous system (CNS). These viruses can enter the CNS through the previously mentioned pathways. Additionally, it has been observed that viruses whose genome corresponds to RNA can be introduced into the CNS through nerves, such as the sciatic nerve. Some can even transport immune cells, allowing them to arrive at the CNS. On the other hand, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses can enter the CNS by penetrating the blood–brain barrier, utilizing brain microvascular endothelial cells, and even using sensory nerve endings and olfactory receptor neurons to enter the CNS. When the infection occurs, the main mechanism that the CNS possesses to defend itself is the activation of microglia, which induce the activation of the innate immune response and a subsequent adaptive immune response. Even the microglia can act with astrocytes to induce the chemotaxis of immune cells, like neutrophils, to combat infection generated in the CNS.
  • 168
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Yellow Rice Wine Production Research
Yellow rice wine is a traditional fermented beverage in China. The microorganisms in the brewing process play a crucial role in shaping the composition and quality of the wine through their regulation of microbial growth, fermentation metabolites, metabolic balance, and ethanol production. Yellow rice wine not only has culinary value but also possesses potential medicinal value. This is attributed to the presence of polyphenolic compounds, antioxidants, and other natural products that can provide antioxidant and other probiotic effects. The fermentation process of yellow rice wine offers potential nutritional supplementation and improved digestion. While traditional brewing techniques have long been employed, modern biotechnology helps enhance the quality and stability of the wine by selecting suitable microbial strains, optimizing fermentation conditions, and precisely controlling the fermentation process. The collection of diverse fermentation microbes and the construction of specifically designed microbiota for yellow rice wine production could expedite the production of high-quality yellow rice wine. The ultimate goal is to enhance the nutritional value, conditioning function, and overall consumption experience of yellow rice wine. 
  • 256
  • 11 Jan 2024
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