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Topic Review
Bone Cell Function and Importance
The main functions of bone tissue include: structural support; protection of internal organs and soft tissues from damage; locomotion; mineral storage; production of blood cells; endocrine regulation.
  • 152
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Sixteen Gene Therapy Drugs
Gene therapy has become a rapidly growing field with significant advancements. This innovative therapeutic approach is revolutionizing the treatment of various diseases. Gene therapy drugs have revolutionized the field of medicine by providing a targeted approach to treating genetic disorders. 
  • 150
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The DNA Alkyltransferase Family of DNA Repair Proteins
DNA alkyltransferase and alkyltransferase-like family proteins are responsible for the repair of highly mutagenic and cytotoxic O6-alkylguanine and O4-alkylthymine bases in DNA. Their mechanism involves binding to the damaged DNA and flipping the base out of the DNA helix into the active site pocket in the protein. Alkyltransferases then directly and irreversibly transfer the alkyl group from the base to the active site cysteine residue. In contrast, alkyltransferase-like proteins recruit nucleotide excision repair components for O6-alkylguanine elimination. One or more of these proteins are found in all kingdoms of life, and where this has been determined, their overall DNA repair mechanism is strictly conserved between organisms.
  • 273
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Structural Characterization of Allergens
Allergens are substances that cause abnormal immune responses and can originate from various sources. IgE-mediated allergies are one of the most common and severe types of allergies, affecting more than 20% of the population in Western countries. Allergens can be subdivided into a limited number of families based on their structure, but this does not necessarily indicate the origin or the route of administration of the allergen, nor is the molecular basis of allergenicity clearly understood. 
  • 155
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Neuronal Autophagy
Autophagy is a major degradative pathway that plays a key role in sustaining cell homeostasis, integrity, and physiological functions. Macroautophagy, which ensures the clearance of cytoplasmic components engulfed in a double-membrane autophagosome that fuses with lysosomes, is orchestrated by a complex cascade of events. Autophagy has a particularly strong impact on the nervous system, and mutations in core components cause numerous neurological diseases. 
  • 183
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Importance of Lignocellulose in High-Value Product Production
Lignocellulose consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin and is a sustainable feedstock for a biorefinery to generate marketable biomaterials like biofuels and platform chemicals. Enormous tons of lignocellulose are obtained from agricultural waste, but a few tons are utilized due to a lack of awareness of the biotechnological importance of lignocellulose. Underutilizing lignocellulose could also be linked to the incomplete use of cellulose and hemicellulose in biotransformation into new products. Utilizing lignocellulose in producing value-added products alleviates agricultural waste disposal management challenges. It also reduces the emission of toxic substances into the environment, which promotes a sustainable development goal and contributes to circular economy development and economic growth.
  • 210
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy in AML
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematological malignancy that is often associated with relapse and drug resistance after standard chemotherapy or targeted therapy, particularly in older patients. Hematopoietic stem cell transplants are looked upon as the ultimate salvage option with curative intent. Adoptive cell therapy using chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) has shown promise in B cell malignancies and is being investigated in AML.
  • 111
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Dietary Chemical Components and Enteric Methane Production
Methanogenesis is critical in cattle because it prevents accumulation of metabolic hydrogen in the rumen by serving as a reducing equivalent sink. Alternative hydrogen sinks exist, however, and these alternative sinks are affected by the ingredient and chemical composition of the diet, such that the quantity of CH4 produced by cattle varies based on dietary constituents that are fed. Diets that produce acetate liberate hydrogen to be used by methanogenic archaea to produce CH4. Conversely, propionate serves as a net hydrogen sink, and diets that increase propionate and decrease acetate result in decreased ruminal CH4 production, reflecting decreased availability of metabolic hydrogen for methanogens to reduce CO2 to CH4.
  • 196
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Role of Ethylene in Plant Developmental Processes
Ethylene, a gaseous phytohormone, is emerging as a central player in the intricate web of plant developmental processes from germination to senescence under optimal and stressed conditions. The presence of ethylene has been noted in different plant parts, including the stems, leaves, flowers, roots, seeds, and fruits.
  • 110
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Role of NSD3 in Cancer
Nuclear receptor-binding SET domain protein 3 (NSD3) is a member of the NSD histone methyltransferase family of proteins. In recent years, it has been identified as a potential oncogene in certain types of cancer. The NSD3 gene encodes three isoforms, the long version (NSD3L), a short version (NSD3S) and the WHISTLE isoforms. Importantly, the NSD3S isoform corresponds to the N-terminal region of the full-length protein, lacking the methyltransferase domain. The chromosomal location of NSD3 is frequently amplified across cancer types, such as breast, lung, and colon, among others. This amplification has been correlated to a chromothripsis event, that could explain the different NSD3 alterations found in cancer. The fusion proteins containing NSD3 have also been reported in leukemia (NSD3-NUP98), and in NUT (nuclear protein of the testis) midline carcinoma (NSD3-NUT). Its role as an oncogene has been described by modulating different cancer pathways through its methyltransferase activity, or the short isoform of the protein, through protein interactions. 
  • 176
  • 19 Jan 2024
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