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Topic Review
The Multifaceted Functions of Prion Protein in Cancer
Despite its involvement in several human pathophysiological processes, the cellular prion protein (PrPC) remains enigmatic. During the last ten years, PrPC has also been reported to be implicated in several human cancers, the molecular mechanisms of which are under investigation. In some tumors, elevated expression of PrPC protein is associated with poor patient prognosis. At the cellular level, high PrPC expression in tumor cells is associated with the acquisition of stemness1-like characteristics, metastatic and invasive process, and resistance to chemotherapy.
  • 399
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Role of SCAP/SREBP in Hepatic Steatosis
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a unique, multi-factorial condition with several phases of progression including steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Sterol element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) is the main transcription factor involved in regulating hepatic de novo lipogenesis. This transcription factor is synthesized as an inactive precursor, and its proteolytic maturation is initiated in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum upon stimulation by insulin. SREBP cleavage activating protein (SCAP) is required as a chaperon protein to escort SREBP from the endoplasmic reticulum and to facilitate the proteolytic release of the N-terminal domain of SREBP into the Golgi. SCAP inhibition prevents activation of SREBP and inhibits the expression of genes involved in triglyceride and fatty acid synthesis, resulting in the inhibition of de novo lipogenesis.
  • 322
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Methoxyfuranocoumarins of Natural Origin
Plant secondary metabolites, including furanocoumarins, have attracted attention for decades as active molecules with therapeutic potential, especially those occurring in a limited number of species as evolutionarily specific and chemotaxonomically important. The most famous methoxyfuranocoumarins (MFCs), bergapten, xanthotoxin, isopimpinellin, phellopterin, byakangelicol, byakangelicin, isobergapten, pimpinellin, sphondin, as well as rare ones such as peucedanin and 8-methoxypeucedanin, apaensin, cnidilin, moellendorffiline and dahuribiethrins, have been investigated for their various biological activities.
  • 271
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Poultry Litter in Agricultural Areas
The poultry farming industry has assumed a pivotal role in meeting the global demand for affordable animal proteins. While poultry farming makes a substantial contribution to food security and nutrition, it also presents environmental and public health challenges. The use of poultry litter as fertilizer for agricultural soils raises concerns about the transfer of pathogens and drug-resistant microorganisms from poultry farms to crop production areas.
  • 182
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder that involves both innate and adaptive immune responses in its pathogenesis. Local tissue damage is a hallmark feature of psoriasis and other autoimmune diseases. In psoriasis, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released by damaged local tissue act as danger signals and trigger inflammatory responses by recruiting and activating immune cells. They also stimulate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which exacerbate the inflammatory response and contribute to disease progression. DAMPs have a dual function. On the one hand, they can regulate cell homeostasis and maintain cell function when present within cells. On the other hand, they can also act as endogenous molecules of cell death or injury and amplify the signal of inflammation through various cell receptors upon release. This leads to the activation of immune cells and the secretion of a large number of inflammatory factors. DAMPs not only play a pro-inflammatory role in acute inflammation, such as sepsis, acute liver injury, or acute pancreatitis, but they also mediate immunity in chronic immune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
  • 233
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pharmacological Effects of Flueggea virosa Extracts
The white berry bush, officially Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle is a medicinal plant distributed throughout tropical areas and traditionally used in Africa, India and China. Root decoctions are used to treat abdominal pain, whereas extracts from the aerial parts serve to treat liver and urinary diseases, inflammatory pathologies and diabetes, among other pathologies. Plant extracts have revealed antiparasitic, antimicrobial, antiepilepsy, antidiabetic, anticancer and analgesic effects.
  • 232
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Glutathionyl Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is one of the proteins that are more susceptible to S-glutathionylation and the levels of its modified form, glutathionyl hemoglobin (HbSSG), increase in several human pathological conditions.
  • 199
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Autoimmune Diseases
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) modulate immune responses and maintain self-tolerance. Their trophic activities and regenerative properties make them potential immunosuppressants for treating autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. MSCs are drawn to sites of injury and inflammation where they can both reduce inflammation and contribute to tissue regeneration. An increased understanding of the role of MSCs in the development and progression of autoimmune disorders has revealed that MSCs are passive targets in the inflammatory process, becoming impaired by it and exhibiting loss of immunomodulatory activity. MSCs have been considered as potential novel cell therapies for severe autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, which at present have only disease modifying rather than curative treatment options.
  • 252
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Ultrasonography for Detecting Neoplasms in Dogs and Cats
Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography is based on the intravenous injection of contrast media constituted by microbubbles. This imaging modality provides information on the tissue perfusion and allows the investigation of macro- and micro-circulation. Studies on different organs and tissues were performed in dogs and cats and revealed a tendency of malignant tumors to present faster transit of the contrast media (time to wash in, peak and wash out). These advanced techniques associated with other imaging modalities can be used as screening tests and can potentially represent an alternative to the invasive sampling methods required for cytological and histopathological analysis.
  • 200
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Microsampling Applications Monitoring Lipids and Metabolites
Due to its numerous advantages, microsampling technology has become widely utilized in blood collection and storage across various fields. There has been a notable increase in studies combining microsampling with mass spectrometry techniques, with mass spectrometry being the preferred analytical tool for measuring lipids and metabolites. The synergy of microsampling with mass spectrometry brings forth several benefits, including minimal sample requirements, the ability to analyze multiple analytes simultaneously, and high sensitivity and specificity. Microsampling can be carried out by the patient without requiring trained personnel. This feature simplifies remote sampling, enhancing accessibility for individuals in remote areas and eliminating unnecessary, and in some cases, risky hospital visits for elderly individuals. 
  • 246
  • 23 Jan 2024
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