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Topic Review
Plasma-Activated Water
Plasma-activated water (PAW) is generated by treating water with cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) using controllable parameters such as plasma-forming voltage, carrier gas, temperature, pulses, or frequency as required. PAW is reported to have lower pH, higher conductivity, and higher oxidation-reduction potential when compared with untreated water due to the presence of reactive species. PAW has received significant attention from researchers over the last decade due to its non-thermal and non-toxic mode of action, especially for bacterial inactivation. This review summarizes the properties of PAW, the effect of various treatment parameters on its efficiency in bacterial inactivation along with its usage as a standalone technology as well as a hurdle approach with mild thermal treatments.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
PDE4 as Therapeutic Targets in Different Diseases
Cyclic nucleotides (cAMP, cGMP) play a major role in normal and pathologic signaling. Beyond receptors, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases; (PDEs) rapidly convert the cyclic nucleotide in its respective 5′-nucleotide to control intracellular cAMP and/or cGMP levels to maintain a normal physiological state. However, in many pathologies, dysregulations of various PDEs (PDE1-PDE11) contribute mainly to organs and tissue failures related to uncontrolled phosphorylation cascade. Among these, PDE4 represents the greatest family, since it is constituted by 4 genes with multiple variants differently distributed at tissue, cellular and subcellular levels, allowing different fine-tuned regulations.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
G Protein-Coupled Receptor with the Aging-Related Mechanisms
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the most functionally diverse classes of transmembrane proteins. GPCRs and their associated signaling systems have been linked to nearly every physiological, and also pathophysiological, process. G protein-coupled receptor 19 (GPR19), is a novel orphan GPCR that likely represents an important new target for novel remedial strategies for pathological disease conditions associated with aging-related cellular and tissue damage.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sanfilippo Syndrome
Sanfilippo syndrome is caused by mutations in the enzymes responsible for the degradation of heparan sulfate (HS), a specific GAG, and patients are characterized by severe neurological pathology leading to childhood dementia.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Neutrophils
Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating and first-responding innate myeloid cellsand have so far been underestimated in the context of multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is the mostfrequent, immune-mediated, inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. MS is treatablebut not curable and its cause(s) and pathogenesis remain elusive. The involvement of neutrophilsin MS pathogenesis has been suggested by the use of preclinical animal disease models, as wellas on the basis of patient sample analysis. In this review, we provide an overview of the possiblemechanisms and functions by which neutrophils may contribute to the development and pathology ofMS. Neutrophils display a broad variety of e ector functions enabling disease pathogenesis, including(1) the release of inflammatory mediators and enzymes, such as interleukin-1 , myeloperoxidase andvarious proteinases, (2) destruction and phagocytosis of myelin (as debris), (3) release of neutrophilextracellular traps, (4) production of reactive oxygen species, (5) breakdown of the blood–brain barrierand (6) generation and presentation of autoantigens. An important question relates to the issue ofwhether neutrophils exhibit a predominantly proinflammatory function or are also implicated in theresolution of chronic inflammatory responses in MS.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Jun 2020
Topic Review
Detection of Olive Oil Oxidation Status during Storage
Oxidation is an undesirable series of chemical reactions in oil that completely degrade its quality. Oxidation affects the quality of the oil during its production and its subsequent storage, and it is a strictly post-harvest level quality assessment. It describes the handling of olive oil and how it was produced (cold/hot extraction) and stored. It is known that, when an oil is exposed to oxygen, heat, and light, it becomes oxidized.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
In Vitro Regeneration of Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum is a flowering plant grown worldwide and is one of the most popular ornamental plants. Chrysanthemums are usually cultivated using root suckers and shoot cuttings. This conventional technique is relatively slow. In addition, as cuttings are gained regularly from mother plants, there is a chance of viral infection and degeneration, which raises the production cost. The hurdles mentioned above have been managed by applying in vitro propagation techniques, which can enhance reproduction rates through in vitro culture and use very small explants, which are impossible with the conventional approach. Usually, it is difficult to get true-to-type plants as the parents with good quality, but clonal propagation of a designated elite species makes it possible. 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Technologies for Polysaccharide Extraction from Marine Brown Algae
Brown algae are a rich source of bioactive molecules such as proteins, amino acids, polysaccharides, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre, sterols, pigments, polyphenols etc. which possess a broad spectrum of biological activities (anticoagulant, antithrombotic, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial). These compounds therefore provide high potential for the application of brown algae extracts in the treatment of arteriosclerosis, rheumatic processes, hypertension, goitre, asthma, ulcers, menstrual disorders, syphilis, skin diseases etc. The extraction process of these polysaccharides includes several complex and time-consuming steps and the correct adjustment of extraction parameters (e.g., time, temperature, power, pressure, solvent and sample to solvent ratio) greatly influences the yield, physical, chemical and biochemical properties as well as their biological activities.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Hp-NCL Network in Routing Encoding
Goal-directed navigation is a crucial behavior for the survival of animals, especially for the birds having extraordinary spatial navigation ability. In neural mechanism of the goal-directed behavior, especially involving the information encoding mechanism of the route, the hippocampus (Hp), nidopallium caudalle (NCL) and their local networks of the avian brain play important roles.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Cat Senses
Cat senses are adaptations that allow cats to be highly efficient predators. Cats are good at detecting movement in low light, have an acute sense of hearing and smell, and their sense of touch is enhanced by long whiskers that protrude from their heads and bodies. These senses evolved to allow cats to hunt effectively at night.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2022
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