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Topic Review
Aquatic and Terrestrial Invertebrate Welfare
Invertebrates are a diverse group of animals that make up the majority of the animal kingdom and encompass a wide array of species with varying adaptations and characteristics. Invertebrates are found in nearly all of the world’s habitats, including aquatic, marine, and terrestrial environments.
  • 512
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Equine and Camel Piroplasmosis in Egypt
Piroplasmosis is a global tick-borne disease caused by hemoprotozoan parasites, which causes high morbidity and substantial economic losses in farm animals. Equine and camel piroplasmosis causes significant losses worldwide and in Egypt. The multifactorial effects and overall impact of equine and camel piroplasmosis in Egypt remain poorly characterized.
  • 133
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Influenza A Virus Subtypes in Chile
The influenza A virus (IAV) poses a significant global threat to public health and food security. Chile’s encounter with IAV began in 2002, with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N3 virus, derived from a unique South American low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus. 
  • 135
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Electrochemical Biosensors for Animal Virus Detection
The detection of animal viruses remains a formidable scientific challenge, while concurrently presenting a profoundly consequential practical concern of considerable magnitude, necessitating the development of rapid, sensitive, specific, on-site, cost-effective, and user-friendly diagnostic assays.
  • 280
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Lab Rodent Management
Maintaining laboratory rats and mice, critical for scientific research, involves careful breeding, housing, and ethical considerations. Breeding pairs must be selected with genetic diversity in mind, and a controlled environment with optimal temperature, lighting, and nesting materials is crucial for successful reproduction. Pregnancy and postnatal care, along with a focus on cage design, nutrition, and disease management, ensure the well-being of these animals. Ethical guidelines and regulatory compliance, such as approval from animal ethics committees and adherence to animal welfare legislation, underscore the responsible use of lab rats and mice. Meticulous record-keeping further supports the ethical and scientific integrity of research involving these small but invaluable creatures.
  • 109
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Rabbits as Animal Models for Anti-Tick Vaccine Development
Studies evaluating candidate tick-derived proteins as anti-tick vaccines in natural hosts have been limited due to high costs. To overcome this problem, animal models are used in immunization tests. The most commonly used rabbit breeds were New Zealand (73.8%), Japanese white (19%), Californians (4.8%) and Flemish lop-eared (2.4%) rabbits. Anti-tick vaccines efficacy resulted in up to 99.9%. Haemaphysalis longicornis (17.9%) and Ornithodoros moubata (12.8%) were the most common tick models in vaccination trials. Experiments with rabbits have revealed that some proteins (CoAQP, OeAQP, OeAQP1, Bm86, GST-Hl, 64TRP, serpins and voraxin) can induce immune responses against various tick species. 
  • 96
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Bacteriophage Therapy to Control Bovine Mastitis
Bovine mastitis is a polymicrobial disease characterised by inflammation of the udders of dairy and beef cattle. The infection has huge implications to health and welfare of animals, impacting milk and beef production and costing up to EUR 32 billion annually to the dairy industry, globally. Bacterial communities associated with the disease include representative species from Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Actinomyces, Aerococcus, Escherichia, Klebsiella and Proteus. Conventional treatment relies on antibiotics, but antimicrobial resistance, declining antibiotic innovations and biofilm production negatively impact therapeutic efficacy. Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses which effectively target and lyse bacteria with extreme specificity and can be a valuable supplement or replacement to antibiotics for bovine mastitis. 
  • 265
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Antifungals Used in Exotic Avian and Reptile Species
Exotic animals are typically non-domesticated and non-indigenous to the geographical region they inhabit. Fungal diseases are widespread and have led to the decline of multifarious exotic animals. Fatal dermatomycoses caused by Nannizziopsis spp. have been reported in captive reptiles, despite treatment with antifungals. Dermatomycoses such as those caused by the fungal complex Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii (CANV) are emerging infectious diseases in reptiles, with increasing prevalence and spread across geographical regions and, unfortunately, increasing antifungal resistance patterns. Likewise, the most common fungal disease in avians, aspergillosis, has a high mortality rate. 
  • 428
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Need for Widely Applicable Cultural Competencies in the Healthcare of Humans and Animals
This entry discusses the importance of cultural competence in the healthcare of humans and animals, its challenges, its mixed research results, and the need for widely applicable competencies. Although there is research evidence showing that cultural competence is linked with patient satisfaction, better doctor–patient relationships, adherence to therapy, and to some extent, better health outcomes, there is a huge variety of models and competencies in the literature, which has sometimes resulted in inclusive outcomes, confusion as to what constitutes the necessary competencies, and patchy implementation. In spite of the development of cultural competence in human healthcare, its implementation in veterinary medicine remains poor. On this note, the aims of this entry are to provide a brief overview of the cultural competence in healthcare and veterinary medicine and education, to outline the important facts, and to highlight the need for more standardisation in implementing and testing widely applicable cultural competencies for both human and veterinary healthcare.
  • 578
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Use of Effective Feedback in Veterinary Clinical Teaching
Feedback is essential for the development of veterinary medical learners. This review explores the theory and practical use of feedback in the modern clinical teaching environment. Our purpose is to assist veterinary teaching institutions engage in effective feedback exchange between instructors and learners. Based on literature evidence, quality feedback requires training for both learners and instructors. Effectively executed feedback should be a powerful learning and teaching tool in the development of competencies of the learner. Following the theoretical discussion, we propose a method for delivering scheduled feedback sessions to veterinary medical learners. This differs from ‘on-the-go’ feedback during each clinical encounter, which we have discussed in a previous article related to the use of the five microskills in clinical teaching.
  • 499
  • 07 Aug 2023
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