Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Urinary Bladder Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Urinary bladder neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are classified into well-differentiated NENs, small-cell NENs, large-cell NENs, and paragangliomas.
  • 593
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Upper Motor Neuron Disorders
Following the exclusion of potentially reversible causes, the differential for those patients presenting with a predominant upper motor neuron syndrome includes primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), or upper motor neuron dominant ALS (UMNdALS). Differentiation of these disorders in the early phases of disease remains challenging. While no single clinical or diagnostic tests is specific, there are several developing biomarkers and neuroimaging technologies which may help distinguish PLS from HSP and UMNdALS. Recent consensus diagnostic criteria and use of evolving technologies will allow more precise delineation of PLS from other upper motor neuron disorders and aid in the targeting of potentially disease-modifying therapeutics. 
  • 370
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Ubiquitylation and ISGylation
Ubiquitylation and ISGylation are protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) and two of the main events involved in the activation of pattern recognition receptor (PRRs) signals allowing the host defense response to viruses.
  • 472
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Tyrosine Kinase Syk
Platelet-rich thrombi formed in vivo in mice have been shown to be composed of a core and shell region. Different pathways regulate the formation and stability of these two regions and understanding them may result in new ways to treat arterial thrombosis. The distinguishing feature between these two regions is the absence of fibrin in the shell, which indicates that in-vitro flow-based assays over thrombogenic surfaces, in the absence of coagulation, can be used to resemble this region.  Glycoprotein VI (GPVI) is a platelet immunoglobulin receptor which is known as a receptor for collagen and has been shown to contribute to the stability of platelet aggregates on collagen at high shear. In recent years GPVI has also been shown to be a receptor for fibrin and fibrinogen. Since the activation of GPVI by fibrinogen is also dependent on integrin αIIbβ3, with the interplay of the two receptors driving platelet adhesion and activation, blocking signalling pathways common to both receptors may have a greater antithrombotic effect than blocking GPVI alone. Therefore in this study, we have investigated the contribution of Syk tyrosine kinase, which plays a critical role in signalling by integrin αIIbβ3 and GPVI, in the stability of platelet aggregates formed on collagen or atherosclerotic plaque homogenate at arterial shear (1000 s-1). The results show that Syk regulates thrombus stability in the absence of fibrin. The fact that inhibitors of Syk are currently used for the treatment of patients with refractory immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) without increasing the risk of bleeding, indicate that Syk inhibitors may represent a new class of antiplatelet agent with reduced bleeding risk compared to current drugs.
  • 450
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Types of Cell Death
Inflammation and free radicals can stimulate cell self-destruction. Inflammation and cell death are vital aspects of most diseases. Accumulation of cell damage leads to the impairment and dysregulation of the cell function. Thus, understanding the pathomechanism and molecular signaling pathways involved in cell death is necessary.
  • 433
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases in Adipose Tissue
Adipose tissue is a crucial organ in energy metabolism and thermoregulation. Adipose tissue phenotype is controlled by various signaling mechanisms under pathophysiological conditions. Type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) are a group of trypsin-like enzymes anchoring on the cell surface. These proteases act in diverse tissues to regulate physiological processes, such as food digestion, salt-water balance, iron metabolism, epithelial integrity, and auditory nerve development. Several members of the TTSP family, namely, hepsin, matriptase-2, and corin, have been shown to play a role in regulating lipid metabolism, adipose tissue phenotype, and thermogenesis, via direct growth factor activation or indirect hormonal mechanisms. In mice, hepsin deficiency increases adipose browning and protects from high-fat diet-induced hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. Similarly, matriptase-2 deficiency increases fat lipolysis and reduces obesity and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-fed mice. In contrast, corin deficiency increases white adipose weights and cell sizes, suppresses adipocyte browning and thermogenic responses, and causes cold intolerance in mice. These findings highlight an important role of TTSPs in modifying cellular phenotype and function in adipose tissue. 
  • 263
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Type 2 Diabetes Optimal Treatment
Insulin, via a series of kinase activations and transductions, causes the glucose type 4 transporter channels to become embedded in the cellular membrane, allowing an exponential increase of glucose entry into the cell. T2D is characterized by failure of the insulin receptors to respond to insulin, thus preventing glucose uptake from the bloodstream. Later in the disease, the production of insulin by pancreatic islet cells is also curtailed. The vast preponderance of diabetes cases (95%) in the United States constitute T2D.
  • 482
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the world’s leading causes of death and life-threatening conditions. Researchers shed light on the single-cell-based technologies and multi-omics approaches that have reached breakthroughs in the understanding of the pathomechanism of T2DM. Hyperglycemia initiates a pathobiochemical cascade that results in increased mortality in SARS-CoV-2-infected diabetic patients. The underlying molecular mechanisms are responsible for the worsening of both metabolic and hemodynamic conditions. 
  • 353
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Type
In biology, a type is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralize the defining features of that particular taxon. In older usage (pre-1900 in botany), a type was a taxon rather than a specimen. A taxon is a scientifically named grouping of organisms with other like organisms, a set that includes some organisms and excludes others, based on a detailed published description (for example a species description) and on the provision of type material, which is usually available to scientists for examination in a major museum research collection, or similar institution.
  • 869
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Two-Pore Domain TASK Potassium Channels
TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ (TASK) channels, including TASK-1, TASK-3, and TASK-5, are important members of the two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channel family. TASK-5 is not functionally expressed in the recombinant system. TASK channels are very sensitive to changes in extracellular pH and are active during all membrane potential periods. They are similar to other K2P channels in that they can create and use background-leaked potassium currents to stabilize resting membrane conductance and repolarize the action potential of excitable cells. TASK channels are expressed in both the nervous system and peripheral tissues, including excitable and non-excitable cells, and are widely engaged in pathophysiological phenomena, such as respiratory stimulation, pulmonary hypertension, arrhythmia, aldosterone secretion, cancers, anesthesia, neurological disorders, glucose homeostasis, and visual sensitivity. Therefore, they are important targets for innovative drug development. 
  • 376
  • 19 Dec 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 94
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback