Type | Encyclopedia MDPI

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Type

The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biology:Type

In biology, a type is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralize the defining features of that particular taxon. In older usage (pre-1900 in botany), a type was a taxon rather than a specimen. A taxon is a scientifically named grouping of organisms with other like organisms, a set that includes some organisms and excludes others, based on a detailed published description (for example a species description) and on the provision of type material, which is usually available to scientists for examination in a major museum research collection, or similar institution.

botany biology specimen

References

Marshall, Stephen A.; Evenhuis, Neal L. (2015). "New species without dead bodies: a case for photo-based descriptions, illustrated by a striking new species of Marleyimyia Hesse (Diptera, Bombyliidae) from South Africa". ZooKeys (525): 117–127. doi:10.3897/zookeys.525.6143. ISSN 1313-2970. PMID 26487819. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4607853
"Archived copy". http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-037-01-0001.pdf.
Hitchcock, A.S. (1921), "The Type Concept in Systematic Botany", American Journal of Botany 8 (5): 251–255, doi:10.2307/2434993, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/314424
Nicholson, Dan H.. "Botanical nomenclature, types, & standard reference works". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany. http://botany.si.edu/references/botlinks/dhntyp.htm.
"Plant names – a basic introduction". Australian National Botanic Gardens, Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research. http://www.cpbr.gov.au/chah/avh/help/names/.
de Candolle, A.P. (1867). Lois de la nomenclature botanique adoptées par le Congrès International de Botanique tenu à Paris en août 1867 suivies d'une deuxième édition de l'introduction historique et du commentaire qui accompagnaient la rédaction préparatoire présentée à la congrès. Genève et Bale: J.-B. Baillière et fils. https://books.google.com/books?id=S-QkAAAAYAAJ.
Weddell (1868). "Laws of Botanical Nomenclature adopted by the International Botanical Congress held at Paris in August 1867; together with an Historical Introduction and Commentary by Alphonse de Candolle, Translated from the French; Reprinted from the English translation published by L. Reeve and Co., London, 1868 (with three-page commentary by Asa Gray)". The American Journal of Science and Arts Series II, Volume 46 (63–74, 75–77). https://archive.org/details/cu31924001723604.
Crépin, F. (1886). "Rosa Synstylae: études sur les roses de la section Synstyleés". Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique 25 (2: Comptes-redus des séances de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique): 163–217. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22484#page/537/mode/1up.
McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S. et al. (2012). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG. ISBN 978-3-87429-425-6. http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title.
Frey, Jennifer K.; Yates, Terry L.; Duszynski, Donald W.; Gannon, William L.; Gardner, Scott L. (1992). "Designation and Curatorial Management of Type Host Specimens (Symbiotypes) for New Parasite Species". The Journal of Parasitology 78 (5): 930–993. doi:10.2307/3283335. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3283335
Hawksworth, D.L. (2010). Terms Used in Bionomenclature. The naming of organisms (and plant communities). Copenhagen: Global Biodiversity Information Facility. pp. 216. ISBN 978-87-92020-09-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=Qky7_6-UcQQC&q=ergatotype&pg=PA70.
Stearn, W. T. (1959-03-01). "The Background of Linnaeus's Contributions to the Nomenclature and Methods of Systematic Biology" (in en). Systematic Biology 8 (1): 4–22. doi:10.2307/sysbio/8.1.4. ISSN 1063-5157. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2Fsysbio%2F8.1.4
Hansen, Hans V.; Seberg, Ole (1984). "Paralectotype, a new type term in botany". Taxon 33 (4): 707–711. doi:10.2307/1220790. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1220790
Seba, Albertus (1734). Locupletissimi Rerum naturalium Thesauri accurata Descriptio, et Iconibus artificiosissimus Expressio, per universam Physices Historiam. Opus, cui in hoc Rerum Genere, nullum par exstitit.. Amsterdam: Janssonio-Waesbergios. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/62760#/summary.
Bauer, Aaron M. (2002). "Albertus Seba, Cabinet of Natural Curiosities. The Complete Plates in Colour, 1734–1765. 2001.". International Society for the History and Bibliography of Herpetology 3.
Hume, Julian Pender (25 June 2007). "Reappraisal of the parrots (Aves: Psittacidae) from the Mascarene Islands, with comments on their ecology, morphology, and affinities". Zootaxa 1513 (1513): 1–76. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1513.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. http://julianhume.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Hume-Mascarene-Parrots.pdf. Retrieved 13 January 2011.

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