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Topic Review
The Olive Orchard Mosaic
The olive tree is an evergreen plant with a remarkable water control process under water stress conditions. The production of olive oil in Portugal and other countries of the Mediterranean region has greatly increased. Intensification efforts have focused on the growth of the planted area, but also on the increase of the orchards density and the implementation of irrigation systems. Concerns about possible negative impacts of modern olive orchard production have arisen, questioning the trade-offs between the production benefits and the environmental costs. Therefore, it is of great importance to review the research progress made regarding agronomic options that preserve ecosystem services in high-density irrigated olive orchards. To better understand these technical options, it is equaly important to define the different types of olive orchards that can be found in olive-growing countries, such as Portugal, where the olive orchards mosaic includes Traditional (TD: 50–200 trees ha−1), Medium-Density (MD: 201–400 trees ha−1), High-Density (HD: 401–1500 trees ha−1), and Super-High-Density (SHD: 1501–2500 trees ha−1) systems.
  • 304
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Biosynthetic Pathway of VOCs in ‘Nanguo’ Pear
The biosynthesis of aroma volatiles in fruit mostly occurs during the late stage of fruit development. Fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates in fruit serve as precursors of the aroma volatiles that form under the catalysis of various enzymes. The aroma volatiles of fruits are secondary metabolites, and various precursors synthesize aroma volatiles through different pathways. Based on the types of precursors, the metabolic pathways of aroma biosynthesis are divided into the fatty acid metabolic pathway, amino acid metabolic pathway, terpenoid metabolic pathway, and carbohydrate metabolic pathway among others. Volatile compounds (VOCs) may have antibacterial or anticancer activity. 
  • 416
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Tea/Tree Intercropping Plantations on Soil Ecological Service Function
The benefits of intercropping tea plantations exceeded those of monocropping tea plantations in terms of soil ecosystem service functions, such as water retention capacity, mineral contents, effects on energy transformation, and regulating environmental conditions. Intercropping tea plantations were more sustainable than regular tea plantations because of the different degrees of variability and benefits in all three aspects mentioned above. However, tea and tree intercropping plantations often require careful planning and preliminary experimentation to determine the type of intercropping that will have positive impacts, especially in the long term.
  • 501
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Taro in West Africa
Taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] is the most commonly cultivated species in genus Colocasia and is the fourth most consumed tuber crop globally. It is a member of family Araceae, sub-family Aroideae, and is a tropical monocotyledonous, vegetatively propagated, perennial crop grown primarily for its starchy corm or underground stem. Taro is one of the world’s oldest food crops, with its domestication dating back over 9000 years. It was probably first domesticated in Southeast Asia and thereafter spread across the world, to become one of the most important staple food crops in the Pacific Islands. It is widely distributed across Africa, Oceania, Asia, and the Americas. The crop has been largely maintained by smallholder farmers, and the species’ genetic resources have remained largely within local communities. In many societies, taro is considered a sacred plant of strong cultural importance and is used in religious festivals, domestic and agricultural rituals, and as bride price.
  • 2.4K
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Sweet Potatoes
Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) are part of the largest food crops in many countries. It has good nutritional value because, in addition to containing vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, and anthocyanins in varied contents, due to the existence of various colors of their pulps, they have starch as their major constituent. 
  • 1.4K
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Sustainable Management of Olive Orchard Nutrition
Plant responses to nutritional aspects, as well as environmental considerations, are discussed. Nutrient deficiency impairs production, whereas over-fertilization may reduce yields and oil quality, and increase environmental hazards and production costs. The effect of irrigation on nutrient availability and uptake is very significant. Application of organic matter (e.g., manure, compost) and cover crops can serve as substitutes for mineral fertilization with additional benefits to soil properties. Recycling of the pruned orchard material, olive pomace and olive mill wastewater, as well as the use of recycled wastewater for irrigation, are all potentially beneficial to olive orchard sustainability, but present the risk of environmental pollution.
  • 461
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Application of Copper-Based Antimicrobial Compounds
Copper-based antimicrobial compounds (CBACs) can control a wide range of plant diseases, such as grape downy mildew, citrus black spot, fire blight of pome fruits, walnut blight, potato late blight, stone fruit canker, coffee berry disease, olive leaf spot, and powdery mildew of many other crops. At present, not considering metal contaminants, CBACs are still at the forefront as the main pesticides sold in Europe.
  • 285
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Sustainable Agricultural Systems for Fruit Orchards
Awareness towards the loss of soil quality as well as consumer perception about the environmental impact of agricultural activity have stimulated research and government activity toward the implementation of a sustainable agricultural system. The European Commission, in the next funding program, established specific objectives to promote the conversion towards a more environmentally sustainable agricultural system through its Green Deal Strategy. The demand for ecologically and sustainably cultivated fruits increases every year; however, suppressing such demand is necessary to improve the production performance of orchards. The sustainable management of orchard production requires combined knowledge from different fields. The key challenge is to design orchard systems that can integrate sustainable practices, nutrient cycle knowledge and promotion of soil biodiversity.
  • 369
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Supplementation in In Vitro Tissue Culture Techniques
The growing demand for native planting material in ecological restoration and rehabilitation for agro-silvo-pastoral ecosystems has resulted in a major global industry in their sourcing, multiplication, and sale. Plant tissue culture is used for producing high-quality, disease-free, and true-to-type plants at a fast rate. Micropropagation can help to meet the increasing demand for planting material and afforestation programs.
  • 622
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Sugarcane Genome Editing via CRISPR/Cas9 for Sustainable Production
Sugarcane crop constitutes one of the most vital sources of sugar and bioenergy globally; however, higher level of polyploidy makes its genome editing an intricate task. Recently, genome editing has become easier with CRISPR/Cas9 system that uses Cas9 to target sequence-specific regions and introduce double-strand breaks into the target region. This technique has been successfully employed to develop new varieties of sugarcane having desired phenotypic and physiological traits. Several genes can be fused with the CRISPR/Cas9 system leading to successful metabolic engineering and biological improvement for ensuring sustainable enhancement in sugarcane production. This simple RNA-guided genome editing technique has become a revolutionary tool and innovative application in biology that might be effectively employed for inducing specified genomic modifications in plant tissues.
  • 514
  • 18 Oct 2022
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