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Topic Review
Zoopharmacology
Zoopharmacognosy is the multidisciplinary approach of the self-medication behavior of many kinds of animals. Recent studies showed the presence of antitumoral secondary metabolites in some of the plants employed by animals and their use for the same therapeutic purposes in humans. Other related and sometimes confused term is Zootherapy, which consists on the employment of animal parts and/or their by-products such as toxins, venoms, etc., to treat different human ailments. Therefore, the aim of this work is to provide a brief insight for the use of Zoopharmacology (comprising Zoopharmacognosy and Zootherapy) as new paths to discover drugs studying animal behavior and/or using compounds derived from animals.
  • 741
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Zinc in Neurological Diseases
Zinc is a trace element essential for human survival, and its deficiency has been linked to various adverse effects, such as growth retardation, impaired functioning of the immune system, and cognitive dysfunction.
  • 750
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Zebrafish Models for Skeletal Muscle Senescence
Aging and sarcopenic changes in skeletal muscles not only reduce locomotor activities in elderly people but also increase the chance of trauma, such as bone fractures, and the incidence of other diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, due to reduced physical activity.
  • 510
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Zebrafish Model of Psychiatric Disorders
Psychiatric disorders are highly prevalent brain pathologies that represent an urgent, unmet biomedical problem. Since reliable clinical diagnoses are essential for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, their animal models with robust, relevant behavioral and physiological endpoints become necessary. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) display well-defined, complex behaviors in major neurobehavioral domains which are evolutionarily conserved and strikingly parallel to those seen in rodents and humans.
  • 396
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Yvelines
Yvelines (/iːvlɪnz/, /iːvlaɪnz/; French: [ivlin] (listen)) is a department in the western part of the Île-de-France region in Northern France. In 2016, it had a population of 1,431,808. Its prefecture is Versailles, home to the Palace of Versailles, the principal residence of the King of France from 1682 until 1789, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979. Yvelines' subprefectures are Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Mantes-la-Jolie and Rambouillet.
  • 218
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Yukon Wolf
The North American wolf Canis lupus pambasileus is a subspecies of gray wolf that is called the Yukon wolf in Canada and the Alaskan Interior wolf in the United States. It is native to the Alaska Interior and Yukon, save for the tundra region of the Arctic Coast.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Wnt Signaling in Pain
The heterogeneity of Wnt signaling starts with the ligand itself. There are 19 members of the Wnt family in humans and rodents, each one with a different expression pattern and function. These ligands bind different kinds of receptors: the classical Frizzled (Fzd) receptors (a family of G protein-coupled receptors that comprises 10 members in vertebrates), which are frequently associated with co-receptors, such as low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/6 (LRP5/6), the RTKs, receptor-like tyrosine kinase (Ryk), receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (Ror2), protein-tyrosine kinase-7 (PKT7), and muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), or proteoglycans. Usually, many ligands can bind the same receptor and one ligand can bind different receptors, increasing the complexity of Wnt signaling.
  • 618
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Wireless Electronic Devices and Health
The World Health Organization (WHO) has researched electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and their alleged effects on public health, concluding that such exposures within recommended limits do not produce any known adverse health effect. In response to public concern, the WHO established the International EMF Project in 1996 to assess the scientific evidence of possible health effects of EMF in the frequency range from 0 to 300 GHz. They have stated that although extensive research has been conducted into possible health effects of exposure to many parts of the frequency spectrum, all reviews conducted so far have indicated that, as long as exposures are below the limits recommended in the ICNIRP (1998) EMF guidelines, which cover the full frequency range from 0–300 GHz, such exposures do not produce any known adverse health effect. Stronger or more frequent exposures to EMF can be unhealthy, and in fact serve as the basis for electromagnetic weaponry. International guidelines on exposure levels to microwave frequency EMFs such as ICNIRP limit the power levels of wireless devices and it is uncommon for wireless devices to exceed the guidelines. These guidelines only take into account thermal effects, as nonthermal effects have not been conclusively demonstrated. The official stance of the British Health Protection Agency is that “[T]here is no consistent evidence to date that WiFi and WLANs adversely affect the health of the general population”, but also that “...it is a sensible precautionary approach...to keep the situation under ongoing review...”. In 2011, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), an agency of the World Health Organization, classified wireless radiation as Group 2B – possibly carcinogenic. That means that there "could be some risk" of carcinogenicity, so additional research into the long-term, heavy use of wireless devices needs to be conducted.
  • 321
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Wink
A wink is a facial expression made by briefly closing one eye. A wink is an informal mode of non-verbal communication usually signaling shared hidden knowledge or intent. However, it is ambiguous by itself and highly dependent upon additional context, without which a wink could become misinterpreted or even nonsensical. For example, in some regions of the world, a wink may be considered rude or offensive. And depending on the relationship of the people involved, a wink could possibly constitute a sexual gesture.
  • 1.4K
  • 07 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Wild Turkey
The wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is an upland ground bird native to North America, one of two extant species of turkey, and the heaviest member of the order Galliformes. It is the ancestor to the domestic turkey, which was originally derived from a southern Mexican subspecies of wild turkey (not the related ocellated turkey). Although native to North America, the turkey probably got its name from the domesticated variety being imported to Britain in ships coming from the Levant via Spain. The British at the time therefore associated the wild turkey with the country Turkey and the name prevails. An alternative theory posits that another bird, a guinea fowl native to Madagascar introduced to England by Turkish merchants, was the original source, and that the term was then transferred to the New World bird by English colonizers with knowledge of the previous species.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Nov 2022
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