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Topic Review
The Copernican Question
The Copernican Question: Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order is a 704-page book written by Robert S. Westman and published by University of California Press (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London) in 2011 and in 2020 (paperback). The book is a broad historical overview of Europe's astronomical and astrological culture leading to Copernicus’s De revolutionibus and follows the scholarly debates that took place roughly over three generations after Copernicus.
  • 262
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Buchholz's ID Hierarchy
In set theory and logic, Buchholz's ID hierarchy is a hierarchy of subsystems of first-order arithmetic. The systems/theories [math]\displaystyle{ ID_\nu }[/math] are referred to as "the formal theories of ν-times iterated inductive definitions". IDν extends PA by ν iterated least fixed points of monotone operators.
  • 255
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Reliability and Validity of Online Placement Test
Due to the use of English as the medium of instruction in many universities around the world, including the Middle East, the standardization of in-house locally developed English placement tests (PTs) has gained substantial importance. PTs, in general, follow several methods to place students at different levels of English language programs and may include interviewing, essay writing, multiple-choice tests, or a combination of different methods. Therefore, the evaluation of their reliability and validity depends, to a large extent, on their specific characteristics.
  • 251
  • 27 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Vidya (Knowledge)
The Sanskrit word, Vidya, figures prominently in all texts pertaining to Indian philosophy - to mean science, learning, knowledge and scholarship; most importantly, it refers to valid knowledge which cannot be contradicted and true knowledge which is the knowledge of the Self intuitively gained. Vidya is not mere intellectual knowledge, for the Vedas demand understanding.
  • 249
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nūr (Islam)
Nūr (Arabic: النور) may refer to the "Light of God". The word "nūr" is Arabic for "heatless light", and has been passed on to many other languages. It is often used in the Quran, notably in a verse that states has been the subject of much discussion. Many classical commentators on the Quran considered that this should be taken metaphorically, as in the sense that God illuminates the world with understanding, rather than literally. The first and foremost to representatively stand to the concept of Nur Muhammad (the essence of Muhammad) being the quintessence of everything was Sayyid Abdul Qadir Gilani, who described this idea in his book Sirr ul Asrar. This concept was then preached by his disciples. One of Sayyid Abdul Qadir Gilani's disciples was the Andalusian scholar Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi, who categorized nūr into different levels of understanding from the most profound to the most mundane. Shias believe nūr, in the sense of inner esoteric understanding, is inherited through the Imams, who in turn communicate it to the people.
  • 248
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The inventions from India
India, with its history and diversity of culture, has been a significant cradle of innovation and invention in humankind for centuries. From ancient times to the present, Indian inventors and intellectuals have contributed much to mathematics, astronomy, medicine, technology and games.
  • 248
  • 14 Jun 2024
Topic Review
Cultural Heritage of Montilla
The printing press was key for the dissemination of culture and knowledge in the Modern Age. It was used to produce books, documents, and etchings, which are key elements for the dissemination of knowledge and the preservation of human heritage.
  • 236
  • 19 Mar 2024
Topic Review
The Nara Palace Site
The Nara period in Japan was a short but volatile historical era that left behind a huge amount of cultural property across the country. Most of the related sites have been recognized by UNESCO as deserving of World Cultural Heritage status or are classified by the Japanese government as particularly important national heritage. This is especially true of the Nara Palace site, with its outstanding conservation achievements and reconstruction of Japanese architectural heritage.
  • 234
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Indoor and Outdoor Residential Factors of High-Density Communities
Effective residence planning is crucial to encourage sustainable housing development. Residents in densely populated cities inevitably have negative residential experiences caused by compact land use. Still, this situation is improvable through optimizing the physical environment or increasing service facilities that cater to dwellers’ residential preferences.
  • 233
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Sense of Presence for Human Behavior Studies
Sense of presence is a key element of the user experience in the study of virtual environments. Understanding it is essential for disciplines, such as architecture and environmental psychology, that study human responses using simulated environments.
  • 231
  • 19 Dec 2023
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