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Topic Review
Smart Irrigation for Improving Water Productivity in Drylands
By using several factors, including soil and climate variation, soil properties, plant responses to water deficits, and changes in weather factors, smart irrigation can drive better irrigation decisions that can help save water and increase yields. Various smart irrigation approaches, such as artificial intelligence and deep learning (artificial neural network, fuzzy logic, expert system, hybrid intelligent system, and deep learning), model predictive irrigation systems, variable rate irrigation (VRI) technology, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) could ensure high water use efficiency in water-scarce regions. These smart irrigation technologies can improve water management and accelerate the progress in achieving multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), where no one gets left behind.
  • 268
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Preparation of Cyrene
The bio-based solvent dihydrolevoglucosenone (Cyrene) is a green and sustainable alternative to petroleum-based dipolar aprotic solvents. Cyrene can be prepared from cellulose in a simple two-step process and can be produced in a variety of yields. Cyrene is compatible with a large number of reactions in the chemical industry and can be applied in organic chemistry, biocatalysis, materials chemistry, graphene and lignin processing, etc. 
  • 401
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Spectroscopy Techniques for Monitoring the Composting Process
Composting is described as a sustainable alternative to organic waste reuse from the agricultural and household sectors. The organic matter degradation and stabilization product presents great variability due to the waste composition used. 
  • 362
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Geomatic Sensors for Heritage Documentation
Geomatic technologies have been widely populated for cultural heritage applications, while the scientific field is quite broad: from underwater to close-range to low-altitude and satellite observations. Geomatic sensors have been used in applications such as close-range approaches with red-green-blue (RGB) cameras and Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS), as well as underwater studies. Low-altitude sensors on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have also been widely used with RGB and multispectral cameras, as well as lidar and thermal sensors.
  • 324
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Respirable Coal Mine Dust Lung Deposition
Respirable Coal Mine Dust (RCMD), with a specific focus on examining particle deposition across different regions of the airway system and lungs. The interplay of several critical factors, including particle characteristics and an individual’s breathing patterns, plays a pivotal role in determining whether particles settle in the lungs or are exhaled. 
  • 183
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Virtual Water Trade
As a semi-arid/arid country located in the northwest of Africa, Morocco is facing serious water scarcity driven by the dual stresses of decreasing availability of water resources and increasing water demands. Virtual water trade could be an effective tool to alleviate water scarcity.
  • 318
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
A Sub-Second Method for SAR Image Registration
For Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image registration, successive processes following feature extraction are required by both the traditional feature-based method and the deep learning method. Among these processes, the feature matching process—whose time and space complexity are related to the number of feature points extracted from sensed and reference images, as well as the dimension of feature descriptors—proves to be particularly time consuming. Additionally, the successive processes introduce data sharing and memory occupancy issues, requiring an elaborate design to prevent memory leaks.
  • 220
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Symptoms of Heavy Metal Toxicity on Cereal Plants
The contamination of soils by heavy metals poses a substantial environmental quandary with far-reaching repercussions for the growth and development of cereal crops. These crops are indispensable for sustainable food systems as they absorb water and nutrients from the soil, potentially uptaking these toxic metals in the process. This phenomenon, known as bioaccumulation, can lead to elevated levels of heavy metals in edible plant parts, such as grains, thereby endangering consumers when these tainted crops are consumed.
  • 190
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Farmers in Adopting Climate Adaptation Measures in Itay
Concerns raised about climate risks on agriculture indicate that adaptation of the agricultural sector to climate change is necessary to mitigate the negative consequences of climate change. Despite many opportunities to implement climate adaptation measures at farm level, there are several obstacles to their adoption. Farmers’ decision to implement adaptation measures lies in the difficulty of accessing knowledge about adaptation practices and in the lack of resources for upfront investments required by adaptation.
  • 125
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Hyperbolic Barriers in Geophysical Flows and Their Extraction
Transport barriers are material surfaces across which the transport is minimal. They can be classified into elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic barriers. Hyperbolic barriers are less evident. They are the most influential repelling and attracting material lines (or surfaces in 3D cases) with the strongest local stability, which can be identified in real oceanic and atmospheric flows by calculating the maximal Lyapunov exponents. The transport barriers are fundamental features controlling the movement of anthropogenic and natural pollutants, plankton, cross-shelf exchange, and the propagation of upwelling fronts in coastal zones.
  • 300
  • 23 Oct 2023
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